Part Xi. Protective Device Coordination

MAPUA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
PROTECTIVE DEVICE COORDINATION

(Basic Fundamentals)

Prepared by: Engr. Michael C. Pacis
OBJECTIVES
1. To determine the characteristics, ratings and settings
of overcurrent protective devices that minimizes
equipment damage and interrupt short circuits as rapidly
as possible.
2. To compare and select the operating times of the
protective devices that achieve the objectives of the
protection systems under abnormal system conditions.
What is Protective Device
Coordination?
It's the selection, arrangement, installation, and
maintenance of protective devices to limit the effects of
an over current (short-circuit) situation to the smallest
area.
Where there are two or more series protection device
between the fault point and power supply, these devices
must be coordinated to ensure the device nearest the
fault point will operate first.
Coordination can be defined as isolating an overloaded
or faulted circuit from the remainder of the electrical
system by having only the nearest upstream over
current protective device open. ( as defined by NEC )

COORDINATION STUDY
INVOLVES.
1. Instrument transformer ratios
2. Protective relay characteristics and
settings
3. Fuse characteristics and settings
4. Low voltage circuit breaker ratings,
characteristics and settings.
WHY IS THERE A NEED TO HAVE A
PROTECTIVE DEVICE COORDINATION?

Limit the extent and duration of service
interruption whenever equipment failure, human
error or adverse natural events occur on any
portion of the system.
Minimize damage to the system components
involved in the failure
Proper sizing and settings of protective devices
Economic Impact
Prevention of Human Injury


System with over
current protective
device, but with out
Protective Device
Coordination.
System with over current
protective device, and with
Protective Device
Coordination

NOTE:
Sometimes the impedance of the
equipment in which the circuit
breakers are installed, including the
added impedance of the upstream
circuit breaker, is sufficient to limit the
current to a point where the
downstream breakers is able to
interrupt the fault current by itself,
without causing the upstream
breakers to trip.
GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
I. Short Circuit Currents
a. Maximum and minimum momentary (first cycle) single
and three phase short circuit current.
b. Maximum and minimum interrupting duty (1.5 to 8
cycles) three phase short circuit current
c. Maximum and minimum 30 cycle three phase short
circuit current
d. Maximum and minimum ground-fault current

II. Delta to wye transformers

- when protecting delta to wye transformers, the per unit primary line
current in one phase is approximately 16% greater than the per unit
secondary line current. Also, the primary winding current for a three-phase
secondary fault is approximately 16% greater than for a phase-to-phase
secondary fault.

II. Load Flow Currents
III. Pickup
III.a Electromechanical versus static relays
- The pickup value for electromechanical induction disk
time-overcurrent relays is the minimum current that
causes the disk to start turning and ultimately close its
contacts. This value is not necessarily the tap setting on
the relay. The time it takes the contacts to close is a
function of the dynamics of the relays magnetic circuits
and the manufacturers tolerances.

III.b Low Voltage Circuit Breakers
For low-voltage power circuit breakers (LVPCBs), pickup
is defined as the calibrated value of minimum current,
subject to certain tolerances, which ultimately cause a
trip device to trip the circuit breaker.

III.c Molded Case Circuit Breakers
MCCBs with thermal trip elements generally carry 100%
of their current rating at 25 C in open air. Therefore,
these breakers carry a continuous-ampere rating rather
than a pickup value. MCCBs should only be applied at
80% of their continuous-current rating (unless
specifically labeled) and applied within the panelboard
construction according to the Underwriters Laboratories
(UL) specification, to maintain adequate ventilation and
temperature around the MCCB.

III.d Fuses
Continuous-ampere ratings are also used instead of
pickup ratings for fuses. Low-voltage power fuses are
designed to withstand 110% of their continuous rating
indefinitely undercontrolled laboratory conditions. Both
single- and dual-element fuses are available up through
600 V, with the dual-element fuse utilizing one element
for overload and the second element for short-circuit
protection. Medium- and high-voltage power fuses
typically do not operate for currents below 200% of their
nominal ampere ratings.

III.e Primary device pickup coordination
To be effective, the design ratio of the backup device
minimum pickup (or continuous) rating to the primary
device pickup (or continuous) rating should be as small
as possible.
For example, a 600 A trip setting on a low-voltage circuit
breaker can hardly be expected to back up a motor
control center (MCC) 20 A branch circuit protected by an
MCCB; its ratio is 30 (i.e., 600/20 = 30).

Another example is determining the setting of a 600 A trip device
that protects an MCC, where one or more large loads may
predominate. Assume that the MCC has only four motors, each 75
kW with a full-load motor current of 120 A each and a locked-rotor
current of 720 A. If three motors are running and the fourth motor
starts, a total current of 1080 A passes through the low-voltage
circuit breaker trip coil. [Total I = (3 120) + (1 720) = 1080 A,
assuming a constant motor starting power factor.] This 1080A
current should be permitted to exist during motor acceleration
without tripping the low voltage circuit breaker. Allowance should
also be made for longer acceleration time that may occur during
allowable low voltage conditions.

III.f Current transformer saturation
The function of a CT is to produce a secondary
current that is proportional in magnitude and in
phase with the primary current. This secondary
current is applied to protective relays of
compatible range and load (or burden)
characteristics.

OVERCURRENT PROTECTION
GUIDELINES
I. Conductors
Continued overcurrents increase the resistance heating (I
2
R) of
conductors and can decrease cable insulation life and cause
failures. Conductors are normally protected by overcurrent
protective devices, with the pickup settings based on the cable
ampacity. The NEC provides rules for the protection of conductors.
These rules are generally based on the long-time pickup rating of
the protective device and the normal full-load rating (or ampacity) of
the conductor.
In coordinating system protection, the conductor should be able to
withstand the maximum through-fault current for a time equivalent to
the tripping time of the upstream protective device.

GUIDELINES
II. Motors
The overcurrent protection of motors includes both overload and
short-circuit protection, as required by the NEC. However, additional
factors should be considered when applying overcurrent protective
devices to motors. These factors include locked-rotor current,
acceleration,time, and safe stall time. Complications arise from the
fact that the same devices that protect the motor from thermal
damage must also allow the motor to start.

GUIDELINES
In coordinating system
protection, the cable
should be able to
withstand the max
through short circuit
current for a time
equivalent to the tripping
time of the primary relay
protection or that of the
total clearing time of the
fuse. (IEEE Std 141-
1993)
GUIDELINES
Motor overload and short-circuit protection are often
provided by a combination of devices. On low-voltage
systems, this combination is usually an overload relay
with a current-limiting fuse or an overload relay with a
low-voltage circuit breaker. The overload relay should be
selected (or set) based on the full-load current and
service factor of the motor. The fuse or circuit breaker
should be selected or set to protect the motor circuit
during short circuits, but should not interrupt normal
starting currents. As a result, the time-current
characteristic (TCC) of the combination device must fall
below and to the left of the motor thermal limit curve and
fall above and to the right of the motor starting curve.

GUIDELINES
III. Transformers
Transformers are subject not only to insulation damage
from prolonged overloads and short circuits, but also to
mechanical damage from the tremendous stresses
experienced during a fault. Because of their importance
in the plant electrical distribution system, the transformer
should be not only well-protected, but also secure from
advertent trips due to faults elsewhere in the system.

Factors to be considered when coordinating
transformer protective relays
1. Transformer voltage, kilo voltamperes, and impedance ratings
2. Primary and secondary winding connections
3. Connected load
4. Transformer magnetizing inrush current
5. Transformer thermal and mechanical protection curves
6. Short-circuit current available on both the primary and secondary

GUIDELINES
GUIDELINES
GUIDELINES
GUIDELINES
IV. Generators
Because the short-circuit current available from a generator
decreases over time, the use of standard overcurrent relays is not
practical. The relay pickup setting should be low enough to trip in
response to the minimum sustainable generator contribution (i.e.,
synchronous current (E/Xd ), but should not trip unnecessarily due
to normal overloads. To accommodate these requirements, a
voltage-restrained or voltage-controlled overcurrent relay (Device
51V) is used. This device allows the relay to differentiate between
system faults and generator faults. When a fault occurs near the
generator, the depressed voltage allows the voltage-restrained
relay to become more sensitive.

GUIDELINES
GUIDELINES
TCC Plots
Curve Interpretation
A basic understanding of TCC plots is the foundation for performing
any coordination study. A TCC curve defines the operating time of a
protective device for various magnitudes of operating current.
Published curves assume that the operating current is consistent for
the period of operation. What is generally described as a typical
time-current coordination plot actually consists of multiple device
curves plotted on a single page. The device curves are plotted on
log-log paper with time on the ordinate and current on the abscissa.
The time scale normally covers a range from 0.01 s to 1000 s;
however, any desired current scale can be obtained by simply
multiplying the existing scale by an appropriate factor of ten. The
multiplying factor chosen and the voltage level on which the currents
are based should be noted on the coordination plot.

TCC Plots
WHAT IS A TIME CURRENT COORDINATION CURVE (TCC)??
1. TCC defines the devices unique tripping characteristic
2. It has a horizontal axis that represents current in Amps and a
vertical axis that represents time in Seconds.
3. The upper portion of the curve represents the overload or the
thermal region;
4. The flat horizontal region of the breaker curve at the lower right
of the graph illustrates the breaker clearing time in the
instantaneous portion of the breaker;
5. The vertical band corresponds to the current where the
instantaneous trip function begins.
TCC Plots
TCC Plots
TCC Plots
TCC Plots
TCC Plots
Time Overcurrent Relays
A time-overcurrent relay characteristic is generally
plotted as a single-line curve. Curves for specific relays
are provided by the manufacturer on log-log paper and
include the available range of time-delay (or time-dial)
settings.
The term time dial has carried over to static relays where
adjustment of the time delay is also provided. The major
difference is that static technology provides a greater
degree of curve selectivity and accuracy.

TCC Plots
TCC Plots
TCC Plots
Low-voltage circuit breakers
Low-voltage circuit breaker characteristics are usually plotted as
banded curves and are available in a variety of forms depending on
the manufacturer and type of circuit breaker. Electronic trip devices
are used primarily on LVPCBs, but can also be found on ICCBs and
MCCBs. These devices offer adjustable long-time, short-time,
instantaneous, and groundfault protection. The manufacturers curve
should be used to plot each portion of the characteristic to form the
composite curve. Depending upon the application, any or all of the
options can be used. Figure 15-8 illustrates a typical electronic
breaker characteristic.

TCC Plots
Multifunction motor protection relays
Most motor protection relays are static devices that
provide overload and short-circuit protection in addition
to a wide variety of other protection capabilities. Some
motor protection relays include motor control functions
as well. The relay can be used for either total motor
protection (i.e., as when installed on a circuit breaker
starter) or in combination with a fuse, which provides
short-circuit protection.

TCC Plots
Fuses
Fuse characteristics are typically provided by the
manufacturer on two curves. These curves correspond
to the minimum melting and total clearing times for each
fuse size shown. When combined on a coordination plot,
these curves form a banded characteristic that indicates
the total operating time of the fuse from the time it begins
to melt until the fault is totally cleared.

Coordination Time
Intervals(CTIs)
When plotting coordination curves, certain
time intervals should be maintained
between the curves of various protective
devices to ensure correct selective
operation and to reduce nuisance tripping.
Without adequate CTIs, these protective
devices could trip incorrectly.

CTIs
CTIs
CTIs
CTIs
CTIs
When coordinating
relays w/downstream
fuses, the CB operating
time is not an issue.
The total clearing time
of the fuse @ the
coordination current
should be used as the
starting pt. Of the time
interval.
When coordinating
relays w/upstream
fuses, the CB operating
time becomes a factor,
allowances should be
included in the
coordination interval
for breaker operating
time along w/the relay
tolerance.
CTIs
CTIs
CTIs
CTIs
Initial Planning and data
required for PDC
a) Develop a one-line diagram of the system or portion of
the system involved in the study. Most of the data on this
diagram are used in calculating the short-circuit currents,
load-flow currents, and protective device settings and
ratings.
Data required for SLD
1) Bus and circuit breaker data. Show all bus and circuit breaker
voltage, current, withstand, or interrupting ratings, and show their
tripping times. Also indicate normally open or closed circuit
breakers.
2) Transformer data. Show voltage ratings (both primary and
secondary windings), kilovoltampere ratings (i.e., self-cooled, fan-
cooled), impedance (include tolerances if equipment has not been
manufactured), winding connections, tap positions, and type of
system grounding (if resistance-grounded, show size or amperage
and time rating of resistor).
3) Generator data. Show subtransient, transient, and synchronous
reactance; kilovoltampere rating; voltage rating; connection and
type of system grounding; and power factor.
4) Cable data. Show conductor sizes and lengths, type of
conductor, temperature ratings, and conductor configurations.

5) Utility data. Show utility voltage, short-circuit MVA capability
(e.g., the utility per-unit impedance shown on a specific kilovolt and
kilovoltampere base or short-circuit current capability), and X/R
ratios (e.g., three-phase, single phase to-ground).
6) Protective device information. Show all relay, fuse, circuit
breaker, and CT locations and connections, along with their
associated trip circuits. This information should include the device
number and quantity for relays; fuse minimum melting, maximum
clearing, and continuous-current ratings; and the CT ratios (including
indication of multiratio CTs). Show the frame size and ampere trip
ratings of MCCBs, ICCBs, and LVPCBs. This information should
include sensor and plug ratings and trip functions (e.g., long-time,
short-time, instantaneous, ground-fault).

7) Load data. Show motor horsepower or kilovoltampere
ratings and indicate total connected loads and standby
loads (e.g., motor full-load amperes, locked-rotor
amperes, power factor, safe stall times, acceleration
times, motor subtransient and transient reactance).
8) Switchboard and switchgear data.
NOTESwitchboards built to NEMA standard may have
only a 50000 A short-circuit withstand rating, but could
have a higher rating if circuit breakers larger than 3200 A
are used.

required for PDC
b) Determine the various normal, temporary, and
emergency operating configurations for the system.
These configurations may affect the maximum short-
circuit and load currents.
c) Determine the load flow in the system. The load
current data are valuable when setting the protective
devices to protect the equipment because they are used
to establish cable, equipment, and protective device
continuous ratings. These ratings are used to determine
the minimum pickup settings of the various protective
devices.

required for PDC
d) Determine the level of the following currents at each
location in the system:
1) Maximum and minimum momentary single- and three-
phase short-circuit currents
2) Maximum and minimum interrupting duty three-phase
short-circuit currents
3) Maximum and minimum ground-fault currents

required for PDC
e) Determine the characteristics of protective devices in
the system and collect the TCC curves from the various
protective device manufacturers on standard log-log
paper. In addition to the protective device information
listed, obtain the specific manufacturer information, such
as the model number, catalog number, style number, tap
range, time-dial range, de.nite time-delay range, and
instantaneous trip range.

required for PDC
f) Collect the thermal damage limit curves (i.e., I
2
t
curves) for the various devices in the system, such as
cables, transformers, motors.
g) Determine the existing settings of the upstream or
downstream overcurrent devices that have to be
coordinated with the portion of the system involved in the
study. This step may include collecting equipment
ratings and overcurrent device settings from the utility or
involve a field survey of the device settings at the
existing location. The upstream relay settings may limit
the selective coordination of the system.

General Procedure for PDC
a) Select the circuit to be coordinated. Start at the
loads in the circuit (at the lowest voltage level) and work
back toward the power source. Determine the branch
circuit with the largest current setting. Typically, this point
will be the largest motor on the branch circuit due to the
high inrush current seen during starting. However, a
feeder branch circuit should be selected if it has a higher
current setting.

b) Select the proper current scale. Considering a large system or
one with more than one voltage transformation, the characteristic
curve of the smallest device is plotted as far to the left of the paper
as possible so that the curves are not crowded at the right of the
paper. The maximum short-circuit level on the system is the limit of
the curves to the right, unless it seems desirable to observe the
possible behaviour of a device above the level of short-circuit
current on the system under study. The number of trip
characteristics plotted on one sheet of paper should be limited. More
than four or five curves, can be confusing or overlap.
NOTE: all relay characteristic curves should be plotted on a
common scale even though they are @ different voltage levels.

c) Draw a small one-line diagram of the circuit that is to be
plotted on this curve to use as reference for the characteristic
curves on the plot with the devices on the diagram.
d) On the log-log graph paper, indicate these important points
(if applicable):
1) Available maximum short-circuit currents
2) Full-load currents of transformers and significant load-flow
currents
3) I
2
t damage points or curves for transformers, cables, motors, and
other equipment
4) Transformer inrush current points
5) The motor-starting curve indicating the locked-rotor current, full-
load current, and acceleration time of the motor
6) Short-time rating of switchboards and switchgear

e) Begin plotting the protective device characteristic curves on
the plot starting at the lowest voltage level and largest load.
Once a specific current scale has been selected, calculate the
proper multipliers for the various voltage levels considered in the
study.
Characteristic curves for the protective devices and damage curves
for the equipment can then be placed on a smooth bright surface
such as a white sheet of paper or on an illuminated translucent
viewing box or drawing box. The sheet of log-log paper on
which the study is being made is placed on top of the protective
device characteristic curve or equipment damage curve with the
current scale of the study lined up with that of the device or damage
curves. The curves for all the various settings and ratings of devices
being studied may then be traced or examined.

Example of step-by-step PDC
a) One-line diagram. Draw the one-line diagram of the
portion of the system to be studied with the ratings of all
known devices shown (see Figure 15-13).
b) Short-circuit current study. Calculate or obtain the
short-circuit current values available at different points in
the system. The short-circuit currents shown in Table 15-
4 were obtained from a study of the system performed
on a computer.


c) Protection points and protection curves. Calculate the
following protection points and protection curves:
1) Transformer inrush point. Calculate the transformer inrush point
as follows:
12 I(FLA) = I(INRUSH) at 0.1 s
30 000 kVA transformer: 12 1255 = 15 060 A at 13.8 kV
10 000 kVA transformer: 12 1388 = 16 656 A at 4160 V
8 x I(FLA) = I(inrush) @ 0.1 s
1000 kVA transformer: 8 x 1202 = 9616 @ 480 V

2) ANSI transformer through-fault-current protection
curve. The transformer protection curves used in this
example are based on IEEE Std C57.109-1993
(specifically, Figure 2 for the 1000 kVA transformer and
Figure 3 for the 10000 kVA and 30000 kVA
transformers). The infrequent fault curves were used in
this example. The frequent fault curves should be used
for transformers feeding long overhead lines. Most
computer-based coordination programs have these
curves on file for the various transformer types and
various conditions in a typical system.

- 2 pts of this curve @ 2s and 50s for plotting
I(FLA) 25 0.58 = I(point1) at 2 s
I(FLA) 5 0.58 = I(point1) at 50 s
30 000 kVA transformer: 1255 25 0.58 = 18 197 A at 2 s (13.8 kV)
30 000 kVA transformer: 1255 5 0.58 = 3640 A at 50 s (13.8 kV)
10 000 kVA transformer: 1388 25 0.58 = 20 126 A at 2 s (4160 V)
10 000 kVA transformer: 1388 5 0.58 = 4025 A at 50 s (4160 V)
10 000 kVA transformer: 1202 25 0.58 = 17 429 A at 2 s (480 V)
10 000 kVA transformer: 1202 5 0.58 = 3486 A at 50 s (480 V)
NOTE: the 58% decrease is the result of two phases of the three
phase fault which produce from a 100% SLG fault @ the
secondary winding.

3.) Cable damage curves. Most computer-based
coordination programs have these curves on file in the
database for the different sizes and types of cables.
Cable manufacturers publish these curves on log-log
paper for direct input onto the coordination plots for
manual plotting. They can also be used to check the
accuracy of the database curves.
NOTE: the cable produce in this study has an initial
temp of 75 degrees and a final temp of 200 degrees.

4) Motor safe stall time, full-load current, locked-
rotor current, and acceleration time. The engineer or
analyst should request this data from the motor
manufacturer.
55 kW motor: 96 A full-load current, 576 A lock ed-
rotor current, 7 s acceleration time, hot and cold stall
times.
680 kW motor: 110 A full-load current, 660 A locked-
rotor current, 7 s acceleration time, 17 s safe stall time
hot and cold (at locked-rotor current).

d) Scale selection. Examine the range of currents to be depicted at
different voltages. (Select a current scale that minimizes
multiplication and manipulations on devices where a range of
settings is available. Typically, the scale is the system current levels
multiplied by a factor of 1, 10, or 100 at the base voltage level
selected. The scale needs to be selected so that all device
characteristic curves, protection curves, fullload currents, and short-
circuit currents can be placed on the same plot without
overcrowding. A manipulation occurs when a device at one voltage
level is plotted at another voltage level.)

e) 480 V fuse coordination. The coordination begins at the 480 V
level load-end device (see Figure 15-14). Plot the following items on
the log-log paper:
1) Motor full-load current, locked-rotor current, and acceleration
time for 55 kW motor (with the largest protective device at load end);
cable damage curve; and short-circuit currents. The low-voltage
motor overload curve should be shown on the plot and is critical
when instantaneous trip circuit breakers are used.
2) Largest fuse or MCCB continuous rating. Generally, the
largest low-voltage device is plotted first, whether it is a 125 A
MCCB or a 125 A fuse.

f) 480 V feeder circuit breaker coordination. The next
device to be plotted is the 480 V feeder circuit breaker
(i.e., Device 2) (see Figure 15-15). This device is a
electronictrip low-voltage circuit breaker with a sensor
rating of 800 A. The long-time pickup is set at one times
the sensor rating (or 800 A), and the long-time delay is
set on Curve 2 (i.e., medium). This position adequately
protects the 800 A continuous rating of the MCC bus.
The short-time pickup is set at three times the sensor
rating (or 2400 A), and the short-time delay is set on
Curve 1 (i.e., minimum).

g) 1000 kVA transformer secondary
main coordination.
1) The 1000 kVA transformer inrush and
through-fault-current protection curve are
now placed on the plot.

F1 = 14827A
F1 = 14827A
F2 = 16586A
2) The next device to be plotted is the 1000 kVA transformer
secondary main circuit breaker (i.e., Device 3) (see Figure 15-16).
This circuit breaker characteristic curve should be above and to the
right of the downstream breaker. A 1600 A long-time trip with a
medium (Curve 2) long-time delay setting is selective with the
downstream breaker and also allows for the full-load current rating
of the 1000 kVA transformer (or 1203 A). This setting also protects
the 2000 A rating of the main 480 V bus. The short-time pickup
setting of 2.5 times (or 4000 A) and a medium (Curve 2) long time
delay setting is selective with the downstream breaker to allow for
the full load current rating of the 1000 kVA transformer (or 1203 A).
This also protects the 2000A rating of the main 480 V bus.

h) 480 V transformer primary fuse coordination. The next device
to be plotted is the 1000 kVA transformer primary fuse (see Figure
15-17). The 15.5 kV fuse (rated 65E) is selected for transformer
protection. As much of the transformer through-fault current curve
should be to the right of the fuse curve as possible. Its rating has to
be less than 300% of the transformer full-load primary amperes of
42 A (65 A/42 FLA = 155%) in accordance with NEC Article 450-3.

F1 = 14827A
F2 = 16586A
F3 = 17653A
i) 4160 V to 680 kW motor protection coordination.
1) Plot the motor full-load current, locked-rotor current, acceleration
time, motor hot and cold stall times, cable damage curve, and short-
circuit currents.

2) Plot the overload curve for the motor protection relay (i.e., Device
1) (see Figure 15-18). This curve should be above the starting curve
of the motor and below the hot and cold stall times. This position
ensures that the motor is protected from thermal damage and that
nuisance tripping on starting is not a problem. This multifunction
relay typically picks up on overload at 115% of full-load current
based on data entered into the relay


3) Plot the largest fuse (i.e., Device 2) or circuit breaker at the load end.
This type 9R fuse should protect the motor feeder cable. Therefore, it needs
to be below and to the left of the 2/0 AWG cable damage curve. This fuse
protects the motor from currents above the overload level.

j) 10 000 kVA transformer secondary main coordination.
1) Plot the 10 000 kVA through-fault-current protection curve and
transformer inrush point.
2) Plot the transformer secondary circuit breaker relay setting (i.e., Device
1) (see Figure 15-19). This overcurrent relay is set to pick up at 2000 A
(2000/5 CT 5AT). This setting allows the transformer forced-air rating of
12 500 kVA to be utilized (or 1735 FLA). The pickup of this relay should be
below the 250% of the transformer full-load current required by NEC Article
450-3 for secondary protection (2000 A pu/1388 FLA = 145%). The setting
of this relay also protects the 4160 V bus rated at 2000 A.

F1 = 19828A
k) 4160 V transformer primary relay coordination. The next device to
be plotted is the medium-voltage feeder relay (i.e., Device 2) (see Figure
15-20). By examination of the through-fault protection curve and the
inrush point, the limits of the curve for primary protection of the 10 000
kVA transformer can be determined. Keeping in mind that a low pickup for
this device is desirable for good cable protection, it is good practice to
keep the characteristic curve as far to the left as practical in order to
operate faster on faults.
In this example, an 800/5 A CT has been selected. The 800/5 A rating CT
has a 160:1 ratio, and the tap setting times 160 produces the relay
minimum pickup in terms of the primary current (160 6AT = 960 A). The
4160 V system has now been coordinated up to the 10 000 kVA
transformer primary circuit breaker, and the 480 V system has been
coordinated up to the 1000 kVA transformer primary fuse. The next
area to coordinate is the 13.8 kV system up through the utility system.

l) 13.8 kV feeder relay coordination. The next device
to be plotted is the medium voltage feeder relay (i.e.,
Device 3) (see Figure 15-21). This feeder relay does not
provide primary protection for the 1000 kVA transformer;
therefore, it can be set to pick up for the feeder full-load
current (800/5 CT 4AT = 640 A). This setup also
protects the feeder cable. The instantaneous element on
this feeder relay is not used because it does not allow
selectivity with the 13.8 kV primary transformer fuses
downstream. The feeder circuit breaker relay to the
4160V system is used for upstream coordination
because it has the highest rating. Refer to NEC Article
240 and Article 710 for allowable settings over 600 V.

F1 = 19828A
F2 = 18280A
F1 = 19828A
F2 = 18280A
F3 = 14436A
m) 13.8 kV transformer secondary main coordination. The next
devices to be plotted are the medium-voltage main relays (i.e.,
Device 5) (see Figure 15-22). Select a pickup for the 30 000 kVA
transformer secondary circuit breaker relays no lower than 133% of
the full-load current (1255 1.33 = 1674 A) and no higher than
250% of full-load current (1255 2.5 = 3138 A) in accordance with
NEC Article 450-3. This setup protects the transformer and allows
the forced-air rating of 40 000 kVA to be utilized. A good pickup
selection is 2000 A with a 2000/5 CT because this setup also
protects the 2000 A rated 13.8 kV bus (2000/5 CT 5AT = 2000 A).
Do not use an instantaneous element on this relay because it cannot
be made selective with the feeder instantaneous elements. Select a
time-dial setting so that a delay of 0.3 s to 0.4 s is obtained at the
theoretical 100% fault-current point. This margin assures
coordination between the main secondary circuit breakers and the
13.8 kV feeder breakers.

n) 13.8 kV transformer primary relay coordination.
The next device to be plotted is the transformer primary
relay (i.e., Device 6) (see Figure 15-23). Select a pickup
for this relay no higher than 400% of full-load current
(125.5 4 = 502 A at 138 kV, 5020 A at 13.8 kV) in
accordance with NEC Article 450-3. The pickup of this
relay is set at the same pickup as the secondary relay for
better transformer protection and also for selectivity with
the upstream utility system relays (not shown). This
compromise in selectivity is not detrimental to system
coordination because both of these circuit breakers
disconnect the system from the utility should a short
circuit occur.

o) Manual plotting with relay time-current curves. To place the
relay time-current curve on the coordination chart, line up the Relay
1 ordinate at 2389 A and the other multiples of the tap setting will
automatically align (i.e., the 2 A relay tap multiple will align at 4778
A and the 4 A relay tap multiple will align at 9556 A). (See Figure 15-
20.) The time scale (or horizontal lines) should also be aligned
before tracing the relay time-current curve. (Because transparencies
may not align throughout the ordinate, use a convenient horizontal
time line near the most critical coordination point, such as the 0.1 s
line.) Selecting the appropriate time-dial setting is the next step, and
a time dial of 20 provides a coordination interval of 0.3 s to 0.4 s.

p) Coordination with computer software. The use of a computer
software coordination program makes the coordination of a system
much easier than manual plotting. Most programs have databases
that include many of the protection and damage curves or points
and have many manufacturers protective device characteristic
curves. The user should verify that the preloaded overcurrent device
databases are accurate. The program should list the publication
number and date of issue of the overcurrent device curve data. The
end user should also make certain the various settings used (e.g.,
protection points and curves, coordination intervals) are correct for
their application. The various time-current curves in the database
should also be checked for accuracy with the actual time-current
curves from the manufacturer. This verification ensures that proper
coordination and protection are achieved.

q) Achieving proper selectivity between time-overcurrent
relays. The characteristic curves are not extended past the
maximum short-circuit current shown because the devices should
never have to operate above these values. In this example all the
relay settings and circuit breaker settings have adequate
coordination margins. cannot produce a coordinated tripping curve,
then alternatives, such as the following, should be tried:
1) Select a different tap. (This change would shift the curve to the
right or left.)
2) Adjust the relay minimum pickup setting between taps (if
available) or adjust time-dial settings between calibration marking,
or do both. Calibrating the relay can verify the more re.ned settings
often required.
3) Select a different relay characteristic (e.g., inverse, extremely
inverse). The extremely inverse relays also coordinate better with
most fuse curves.
4) Use a different CT ratio or auxiliary CT. (Many transformer
bushing CTs are multiratio.)
5) Change devices or settings of adjacent devices.

F1 = 15538A
F2 = 13496A
F1 = 15538A
F2 = 13496A
F1 = 15538A
F2 = 13496A
F3 = 20918A
r) The art of compromise. Normally, selective coordination starts with the
lowest voltage and works up to the highest voltage level. All the lower
voltage or primary protective device characteristics should be below and to
the left of the backup protective device curve. If the lower voltage device or
primary noncurrent protective device curves cannot be made to fit under the
backup device curve (due to, for example, same voltage or higher voltage),
an attempt should be made either to raise the backup device or to
compromise the coordination. When selectivity must be compromised, the
sacrifice should be made at the location in the system with the least
economic consequences. This location varies from system to system. Likely
candidates include:
1) Sacrificing coordination between a transformers primary protection and
its secondary overcurrent protective devices. Loss of selectivity here is
usually not detrimental to system security.
2) Sacrificing selectivity between a load protective device and the next
upstream protective device (typically, a feeder overcurrent protective device
and an MCC main protective device). The economic consequence of loss of
selectivity here is usually more acceptable than at locations other than
described in this subclause.

References
- IEEE Std 141-1993 (Reaff 1999), IEEE Recommended
Practice for Electric Power Distribution for Industrial
Plants (IEEE Red Book).3
- IEEE Std C57.109-1993, IEEE Guide for Liquid-
Immersed Transformer Through-Fault- Current Duration.
- NFPA 70-1999, National Electrical Code (NEC).
- Fault Calculations and Applications in Industries
(2007) by Dominico A. Amora, CESEEEPS International
Assn.Inc.
- IEEE Buffbook, Std 242-2001
- IEEE Std 141-1993

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