MUSCLE TISSUES

Dr. Antonio C. Villarivera Jr. MD

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REMINDER
This concept lecture is designed to guide the
student in understanding the topic. IT IS NOT
INTENDED TO BE A "STAND ALONE" REVIEW
MATERIAL. Thus any information written or
shown in this presentation SHOULD BE
SUPPLEMENTED by readings from established
reference materials.

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Objectives
Discuss the structural and functional
characteristics of muscle tissue
Compare and differentiate skeletal, cardiac and
smooth muscles
Discuss the chemistry and events in the
contraction and relaxation of muscles
Discuss other muscle molecules- actinin, nebulin,
ryanodine receptor; desmin; dystrophin, titin;
contractile and regulatory proteins; caveolin
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Muscle Tissue
About 40 per cent of the
body is skeletal muscle
Another 10 per cent is
smooth and cardiac
muscle
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Muscle Tissue
Primary function is for contractility
Responsible for locomotion, and movement of
the various parts of the body
3 types:
Skeletal muscle
Smooth muscle
Cardiac muscle
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SMOOTH
CARDIAC SKELETAL
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Skeletal Muscle
Located attached to the
bone
Long & cylindrical in shape
Multinucleated located at
the periphery
Fibers have striations
Under voluntary control
Basic function is for
movement




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Smooth Muscle
Located along the walls of
hollow organs, blood vessels
and glands
Spindle shaped fibers
Have a single centrally located
nucleus
No striations and under
involuntary control
Functions in compressing
hollow organs, ducts & tubes







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Cardiac Muscle
Forms the musculature of the
heart
Fibers are cylindrical in shape
but with branches
Usually have a single centrally
located nucleus
Fibers have striations but are
under involuntary control
Functions in heart contraction
to propel blood throughout
the body







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Physiologic Anatomy of a Skeletal
Muscle
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Skeletal Muscle Fiber
Composed of numerous fibers
ranging from 10 to 80um in
diameter
Each fiber is made up of
successively smaller subunits
Each fiber extends the entire
length of the muscle
Except for about 2%, each fiber
is usually innervated by only one
nerve ending, located near the
middle of the fiber
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Skeletal Muscle Fiber
Sarcolemma-
cell membrane of the
muscle fiber
Sarcoplasm
Cytoplasm of the
muscle cell and fibers
which is acidophilic in
staining
Sarcosome
Granules in the
cytoplasm
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Skeletal Muscle Fiber
Myofibrils
Fine thread like structures in the sarcoplasm which are
responsible for muscle contraction
Sarcoplasmic reticulum
The endoplasmic reticulum in the muscle cell; contains Ca
ions that are needed in the process of contraction
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Skeletal Muscle Fiber
Sarcomere
Structural and functional unit of the muscle cell
Endomysium
Loose collagenous tissue covering the individual
muscle fiber
Perimysium
Loose collagenous tissue covering the bundles of
fascicles of muscle tissue
Epimysium
Dense collagenous tissue covering the whole or entire
muscle itself


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Microscopic Appearance
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Microscopic Appearance
Appears to have cross striations on electron
microscopy (skeletal & cardiac muscle)
Due to overlapping of light & dark bands
Dark bands- made up of thick filaments made up of
the protein myosin
Light bands- thin filaments of actin
Thick bands appear dark ( A band); the thin
appear light (I band)
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Microscopic Appearance
Z line- a narrow dark staining band found in the
central region of the I band
H band or H zone- darker section of the A band;
where myosin filaments are thickest and where
there are no cross bridges
Sarcomere- area between 2 adjacent Z lines;
where actual contraction occurs at the molecular
level
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Physiologic of Muscle Contraction
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Physiology of Muscle Contraction
Surrounding the sarcolemma are ions
Na
+
higher concentration outside muscle cell
K
+
higher concentration inside muscle cell
Resting potential - charge outside is positive
and the inside is negative


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Physiology of Muscle Contraction
As a nerve impulse reaches the neuromuscular
junction, it releases a neurotransmitter
(acetylcholine)
Acetylcholine produces an electrical potential
that causes Na
+
ions to rush inside the cell
The influx of Na causes the inside of the cell to
go from being negative to positive ACTION
POTENTIAL is produced MUSCLE
CONTRACTION occurs

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Physiology of Muscle Contraction
K
+
moves outside cell attempting to balance
The electrical potential travels in all directions
along the muscle cell (5 meters per second)
The action potential travels all through out the
muscle cell via the T-tubules

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Physiology of Muscle Contraction
The action potential reaches the sarcoplasmic
reticulum and Ca is released
Ca negates the inhibitory effect of troponin and
tropomyosin causing contraction
When the Na-K pump restores the resting
membrane potential, the contraction process
ceases
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Chemical Interactions
The shortening of the contractile elements in
the muscle is brought about by the pulling of
the actin flaments over the myosin filaments
The width of the A band remains the same
while the Z lines move closer together
When contraction stops, the actin filaments get
released from the myosin and the Z lines move
farther apart
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The shortening of the contractile elements in the muscle is
brought about by the pulling of the actin filaments over the
myosin filaments
The width of the A band remains the same while the Z lines
move closer together
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Chemical Interactions
Whole complex process occurs in 1/40 of a
second
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Smooth Muscle
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Smooth Muscle
Composed of far
smaller fibersusually
1 to 5 um in diameter
and only 20 to 500 um
in length
2 major types:
Multi unit smooth
muscle
Unitary smooth
muscle
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Multi Unit Smooth Muscle
Composed of discrete, separate
smooth muscle fibers
Each fiber can contract independently
Often innervated by a single nerve
ending, as occurs for skeletal muscle
The outer surface is covered by a thin
layer of basement membrane that
helps insulate & separate the fibers
from one another
Ex: arector pili, ciliary eye muscle

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Unitary Smooth Muscle
Fibers usually are arranged in
sheets or bundles
Their cell membranes are adherent
at multiple points; so the force
generated can be transmitted to
the next
Cell membranes are joined by gap
junctions (ions & action potentials
can flow freely from one muscle cell
to the next)
Ex: segments of the GIT, ureters
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Contractile Mechanism of the
Smooth Muscle
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Physical Basis for Smooth Muscle
Contraction
Mechanism of contraction is different from skeletal muscle
Fibers made up of actin & myosin filaments but no troponin
Arrangement of myofilaments is different thus no striations
Actin filaments are attached to dense bodies that are
likewise attached to the cell membrane
Myosin filaments are interspersed with the actin filaments

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Physical Basis for Smooth Muscle
Contraction
Actin filaments radiate from two
dense bodies; the ends overlap a
myosin filament located midway
between the dense bodies
Myosin filaments have
sidepolar cross-bridges (allows
smooth muscle cells to contract
as much as 80 per cent of their
length)
Dense bodies of smooth muscle
serve the same role as the Z discs
in skeletal muscle
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Isotonic muscle contraction
the muscle maintains the same tension as it shortens
activities that involve isotonic contractions include
walking, running or lifting a light object
isotonic contractions come in two varieties:
concentric and eccentric
concentric contraction (muscle shortens when its tension is
greater than the force opposing it, such as your biceps
does when performing an arm curl)
eccentric contraction ( the force is greater than the muscle
tension, causing the muscle to elongate; this happens
when going down stairs or sitting down in a chair, as the
effects of gravity add to the opposing force)
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Isometric muscle contraction
means same length, and in contractions of this
variety, the muscle does not shorten and its
tension never exceeds the opposing force
include holding a weight in place above the
ground or pushing against a stationary object.
while the entire muscle does not change length
during an isometric contraction, the individual
muscle fibers will shorten
isometric exercises can help to strengthen a
muscle
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Contraction of muscle by summation
Summation
the increasing rate of motor unit recruitment
contractions to produce variations in the
intensity, force, and duration of muscle
contractions

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Tetanization
the induction of tetanic convulsions or
muscular spasms
sustained muscular contractions
Muscle fatigue
muscle loses its ability to contract as a result
of overactivity
usually a period after stimulation during which
the muscle is unresponsive to a second
stimulus


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End of Lecture
Thank You
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