Department of Mechanical Engineering

ME 322 Mechanical Engineering

Thermodynamics
Lecture 28
Jet Aircraft Propulsion
Aircraft Propulsion
Thrust produced by increasing the kinetic
energy of the air in the opposite direction
of flight
Slight acceleration of a large mass of air
Engine driving a propeller
Large acceleration of a small mass of air
Turbojet or turbofan engine
Combination of both
Turboprop engine
2
Aircraft Gas Turbine Engines
Turboprop
Small commuter planes
Turbojet
high speeds
3
Turbofan
Larger passenger airliners
The Turbojet
4
Ideal Turbojet
Ram effect - pressure rise
with deceleration
Pressure drop with
acceleration
a-1 Isentropic increase in pressure (diffuser)
1-2 Isentropic compression (compressor)
2-3 Isobaric heat addition (combustion chamber)
3-4 Isentropic expansion (turbine)
4-5 Isentropic decrease in pressure with an increase in fluid velocity (nozzle)
The Turbojet with an Afterburner
5
The turbine exhaust is already hot. The afterburner reheats
this exhaust to a higher temperature which provides a higher
nozzle exit velocity
Turbojet Irreversibilities
6
Isentropic efficiencies
- Diffuser
- Compressor
- Turbine
- Nozzle

Fluid Friction effects
- Combustion chamber
The Turbojet Model
7
2 2
1
1 1
2 2
a
a a
c c
V V
h h V V
g g
+ = +
( )
2 1 c
W m h h =
( )
3 4 t
W m h h =
( )
3 2 in
Q m h h =
2 2
5 4
4 5 4 5
2 2
c c
V V
h h V V
g g
+ = +
First Law analysis of the components in the cycle
Air is the working
fluid throughout the
complete cycle
Combustion is replaced with a
heat transfer
2
1
2
a
a
c
V
h h
g
= +
0
net t c
W W W = =
( )
5 4 5
2
c
V g h h =
Turbojet Performance
Propulsive Force (Thrust)
The force resulting from the velocity at the nozzle exit
Propulsive Power
The equivalent power developed by the thrust of the
engine
Propulsive Efficiency
Relationship between propulsive power and the rate of
kinetic energy production
8
There is no net power output of the turbojet engine.
Therefore, the idea of net power and thermal efficiency are not
meaningful. In turbojet engines, performance is measured by,
Turbojet Performance
9
Propulsive Force (Thrust)
c c
exit in
mV mV
F
g g
| | | |
=
| |
\ . \ .
Propulsive Power

The power developed from the
thrust of the engine
p aircraft
W FV =
in (a) exit (5)
In this equation, the velocities are
relative to the aircraft (engine).
For an aircraft traveling in still air,
aircraft in a
V V V = =
( )
5 a
c
m
F V V
g
=
( )
5 p a a
c
m
W V V V
g
(
=
(

Turbojet Performance Efficiencies
10
Overall Efficiency
( )
5
p
propulsive
air a
W
m ke ke
q =

overall thermal propulsive

q q q =
Thermal Efficiency
( )
( )
5
HV
air a
thermal
fuel fuel
m ke ke
m
q

=
Propulsive Efficiency
Kinetic energy
production rate
Thermal power
available from
the fuel
Kinetic energy
production rate
Propulsive power
( )( )
( )
5
2 2
5
/
2
air c a a
air
a
c
m g V V V
m
V V
g

( )
( )( )
5
5 5
2
a a
a a
V V V
V V V V

=
+
5 5
2 2
/ 1
a
propulsive
a a
V
V V V V
q = =
+ +
Turbojet Example
11
Given: A turbojet engine operating as shown below
0
0
0
26 kPa
230 K
220 m/s
25 kg/s
P
T
V
m
=
=
=
=
11 PR=
0.85
c
q =
1.0
d
q =
1.0
n
q =
0
3
1400 K T =
0.90
t
q =
5
26 kPa P =
Find:

(a) The properties at all the
state points in the cycle
(b) The heat transfer rate
in the combustion
chamber (kW)
(c) The velocity at the
nozzle exit (m/s)
(d) The propulsive force
(lbf)
(e) The propulsive power
developed (kW)
(f) The propulsive
efficiency of the engine
Turbojet Example
12
0
0
0
26 kPa
230 K
220 m/s
25 kg/s
P
T
V
m
=
=
=
=
11 PR=
0.85
c
q =
1.0
d
q =
1.0
n
q =
0
3
1400 K T =
0.90
t
q =
5
26 kPa P =
Note: An array position of [0] is
allowed in EES!
Turbojet Example
13
0
0
0
26 kPa
230 K
220 m/s
25 kg/s
P
T
V
m
=
=
=
=
11 PR=
0.85
c
q =
1.0
d
q =
1.0
n
q =
0
3
1400 K T =
0.90
t
q =
5
26 kPa P =
Strategy: Build the property table
first. This will require some
thermodynamic analysis. Consider
each component in the cycle.
2 2
0 1
0 1
2 2
c c
V V
m h m h
g g
| | | |
+ = +
| |
\ . \ .
Diffuser
2
0
0 1
2
c
V
h h
g
+ =
Turbojet Example
14
0
0
0
26 kPa
230 K
220 m/s
25 kg/s
P
T
V
m
=
=
=
=
11 PR=
0.85
c
q =
1.0
d
q =
1.0
n
q =
0
3
1400 K T =
0.90
t
q =
5
26 kPa P =
Compressor
1 2
1 2
s
c
h h
h h
q

=

Combustion Chamber
Turbine
3 4
3 4
t t c
s
h h
w w
h h
q

= =

Turbojet Example
15
0
0
0
26 kPa
230 K
220 m/s
25 kg/s
P
T
V
m
=
=
=
=
11 PR=
0.85
c
q =
1.0
d
q =
1.0
n
q =
0
3
1400 K T =
0.90
t
q =
5
26 kPa P =
Nozzle
At this point, the property table is complete!
0
2
2s
4s
4
3
Turbojet Example
16
0
0
0
26 kPa
230 K
220 m/s
25 kg/s
P
T
V
m
=
=
=
=
11 PR=
0.85
c
q =
1.0
d
q =
1.0
n
q =
0
3
1400 K T =
0.90
t
q =
5
26 kPa P =
Now, we can continue with
the rest of the thermodynamic
analysis.
Nozzle Exit Velocity
2 2
5 4
4 5
2 2
c c
V V
m h m h
g g
| | | |
+ = +
| |
\ . \ .
2
5
4 5
2
c
V
h h
g
= +
Combustion Heat Transfer Rate
( )
3 2 in
Q m h h =
Turbojet Example
17
0
0
0
26 kPa
230 K
220 m/s
25 kg/s
P
T
V
m
=
=
=
=
11 PR=
0.85
c
q =
1.0
d
q =
1.0
n
q =
0
3
1400 K T =
0.90
t
q =
5
26 kPa P =
Now the propulsive
parameters can be calculated,
( )
5 a
c
m
F V V
g
=
0 p aircraft
W FV FV = =
( )
5 0
p
propulsive
air
W
m ke ke
q =

Turbojet Example
18
0
0
0
26 kPa
230 K
220 m/s
25 kg/s
P
T
V
m
=
=
=
=
11 PR=
0.85
c
q =
1.0
d
q =
1.0
n
q =
0
3
1400 K T =
0.90
t
q =
5
26 kPa P =
Solution (Key Variables):
Turbojet Example Analysis
19
How is the energy input to this engine distributed?
24,164 kW
in
Q =
0
0
0
26 kPa
230 K
220 m/s
25 kg/s
P
T
V
m
=
=
=
=
5
5
5
26 kPa
719.5 K
986 m/s
25 kg/s
P
T
V
m
=
=
=
=
( ) ( )
5 0
12, 617 kW 52.2%
out
Q m h h = =
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
5 0
11, 548 kW 47.8%
2
net
m
m ke V V = =
( )
4, 213 kW 36.5%
p
W =
( ) ( )
7,335 kW 63.5%
excess
m ke =
excess thermal energy transfer
kinetic energy production rate