Human Physiology

The Central Nervous System

Thing to be covered
Anatomy of the CNS
The Spinal Cord
The Brain
Human Physiology
The Central Nervous System
Anatomy of the CNS
The Skull or Cranium (for brain)

The Vetebral Column (for spinal cord)

Meninges
Dura mater (outermost layer)
Arachnoid membrane ( middle layer)
Pia mater (innermost layer)
Human Physiology
The Central Nervous System
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)
Cranial vault - 1.4L; cells - 1.0L; blood - 0.1- 0.15L;
CSF - 0.2-0.3L
Colorless, salty solution
Continuously secreted from specialized cells
(ependymal cells) in the choroid plexus in ventricles
Ependyma actively transport Na
+
and solutes into
ventricles
Functions: Physical and chemical protection
Contains little protein and lower K
+
, Ca
++
, HCO
3
-
,
and glucose
Human Physiology
The Central Nervous System
Path of CerebroSpinal Fluid
Human Physiology
The Central Nervous System
Three-dimensional view of the ventricles of the
Brain
Human Physiology
The Central Nervous System
The Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB)
Function - protection
Brain capillaries much less permeable than others
Protects the brain from blood composition
fluctuations
Can transport nutrients into the ISF
Exceptions - posterior pituitary and vomiting center
Human Physiology
The Central Nervous System
Divisions of the CNS
Gray matter
Nuclei
White matter
Tracts - ascending and descending
Spinal cord
Dorsal root (afferent, sensory)
Ventral root (efferent, motor)
Dorsal horns
Ventral horns
Dorsal root ganglion
Human Physiology
The Central Nervous System
Human Physiology
The Central Nervous System
Organization of the grey matter of the spinal
cord
Major ascending and descending pathways
of the spinal cord
Human Physiology
The Central Nervous System
The Brain
Cerebrum
Brain stem
Cerebellum

Forebrain - cerebrum and diencephalon
Brain stem - midbrain, pons, medulla
Human Physiology
The Central Nervous System
The Brain Stem
Contains the third and fourth ventricles
9 cranial nerves emerge (know tables 9-1 & 2 )
Medulla oblongata contains vital centers
Pyramids
Midbrain or mesencephalon controls eye and ear
functions
Reticular formation - arousal and sleep
Human Physiology
The Central Nervous System
The Cranial Nerves (Know Table 9-1)
I Olfactory
II Optic
III Oculomotor
IV Trochlear
V Trigeminal
VI Abducens
VII Facial
VIII Vestibulocochlear
IX Glossopharyngeal
X Vagus
XI Accessory
XII Hypoglossal
Human Physiology
The Central Nervous System
The Cerebellum
Process sensory information
Coordinates muscle activity
Involves cordinating balance and equilibrium
The Diencephalon
Composed of thalamus and the hypothalamus
Also contains the pineal gland
Thalamus has several nuclei and is described as a
relay station for signals on their way to the cerebral
cortex
The hypothalamus contains centers for behaviorial
drives and homeostasis (See Table 9-2 for more info)
It controls both endocrine and autonomic functions
Receives information from various sources
Human Physiology
The Central Nervous System
The Cerebrum: Lobes and Fissures of the
Cerebral Hemispheres: Lateral Left
Human Physiology
The Central Nervous System
The Cerebrum: Lobes and Fissures of the
Cerebral Hemispheres: Medial surface
Lobes:
1. Frontal
2. Parietal
3. Occipital
4. Temporal
5. Limbic
Human Physiology
The Central Nervous System
Major Regions of the Cerebral Hemipheres
Human Physiology
The Central Nervous System
Functional Area of the Cerebrum
Human Physiology
The Central Nervous System
Motor and Sensory Areas of the Cerebrum
Human Physiology
The Central Nervous System