BAB 2: EKONOMI PERALATAN

Nilai Masa kepada Wang

Kos: Pemilikan, Operasi, Sewa
Jangka Hayat Ekonomi
Penyenggaraan
Nilai Masa kepada Wang
Wang mempunyai nilai masa.
Pelaburan aset mestilah mendatangkan
keuntungan mengikut masanya.
Cth: peralatan pembinaan
Mestilah bijak buat pilihan
Beli vs sewa
Perbaiki vs ganti baru

KOS: Pemilikan, Operasi, Sewa
Kos pemilikan
Termasuk kos pembelian/pelaburan, interest
pelaburan, insuran, cukai harta persendirian,
penyimpanan dan bayaran lesen.
Mesti dibayar samada mesin digunakan/tidak
Kos operasi
Minyak, minyak pelincir, pembaikan (repairs),
gantian tayar, gaji operator dan kemudahan lain.

Sambungan....
Kos sewa
Sewa adalah cara untuk menggunakan
peralatan untuk jangka panjang tanpa
perlu membuat pembayaran awal.
Bergantung kepada cara penyewaan:
Jam, hari, minggu, bulan atau tahun




Jangka Hayat Ekonomi
Jangka hayat ekonomi sesuatu peralatan haruslah
diketahui.
Pemilik perlu tahu untuk meminimakan kos serta
memaksimakan keuntungan.
all costs from project inception to disposal of
equipment
total costs experienced during the life of equipment
or projects
justify equipment selection based on total costs
rather than the initial purchase price of equipment
Jangka Hayat Ekonomi
for making the correct selection of equipment
for achieving the lowest long term cost of
ownership to generate wealth for
stockholders.
costs have two major elements:
1) acquisition costs and
2) sustaining costs
cost of sustaining equipment is 2 to 20 times
the acquisition cost

Penyenggaraan
Mesin yang efektif haruslah beroperasi
sepertimana ia direka untuk beroperasi.
Kadang kala, mesin perlukan penyenggaraan
bila ianya tidak beroperasi dengan normal
(rosak).
Mesin yang rosak akan mendatangkan
keburukan jika terus digunakan.- kerugian
Kos repair selalunya dalam 50%-100%
daripada kos keseluruhan mesin tersebut
untuk sepanjang jangka hayat mesin
tersebut.
Sambungan...
Oleh itu, penyenggaraan adalah
penting.
Terdapat dua jenis penyenggaraan:
Proaktif
Reaktif
Proactive Maintenance
strategy for stabilizing the reliability of
machines or equipment.
directing corrective actions aimed at
failure root causes, not active failure
symptoms, faults, or machine wear
conditions.
Proactive Maintenance
Involves three steps:
setting a quantifiable target or standard relating to a
root cause of concern (e.g., a target fluid cleanliness
level for a lubricant)
implementing a maintenance program to control the
root cause property to within the target level (e.g.,
routine exclusion or removal of contaminants)
routine monitoring of the root cause property using
a measurement technique (e.g., particle counting) to
verify the current level is within the target.


Reactive Maintenance
Defined as responsive repairs that require
rectification within a comparatively short
timescale.
Repairs are typically required to prevent
deterioration of the asset, to maintain
security or for health and safety reasons.
The daily reporting of defects, faults or
breakdown reported by the user departments