SOLID WASTE

MANAGEMENT
CE 102
DEFINITION

Solid wastes comprise all the wastes arising from
human and animal activities that are normally solid
and that are discarded as useless or unwanted.

Solid waste management may be defined as the
discipline associated with the control of
generation, storage, collection ,transfer and
transport ,processing, and disposal of wastes in a
manner that is in accord with the best principles
of public health, economics, engineering,
conservations.





Functional elements of solid waste
Management system
Waste generation
Waste handling,separation
Storage and processing at the source
Collection
Disposal
Transfer and transport
Segregation & Processing &
Transformation of solid
waste
Small towns 100g/p/day
Medium towns 300-400g/p/day
Large towns 500g/p/day

In general varies between 0.3-0.6 kg/p/day
Characteristics of Municipal Solid Waste
Generated by Metro Cities
Sl.
No.
Metro city Paper Textile Leather Plastic Metal Glass Ash,
Fine
earth &
others
Compo
stable
matter
1 Mumbai 10.0 3.6 0.2 2.0 - 0.2 44.0 40.0
2 Delhi 6.6 4.0 0.6 1.5 2.5 1.2 51.5 31.78
3 Hyderabad 7.0 1.7 - 1.3 - - 50.0 40.0
4 Jaipur 6.0 2.0 - 1.0 - 2.0 47.0 42.0
5 Kanpur 5.0 1.0 5.0 1.5 - - 52.5 40.0
6 Chennai 10.0 5.0 5.0 3.0 - - 33.0 44.0
7 Visakhapatna
m
3.0 2.0 - 5.0 - 5.0 50.0 35.0
Characteristics ( Percent by wt. )
Characteristics of the waste
Physical
Composition
Density
Moisture content




Composition of Waste
Ash & Earth, 40.60
Total Organic
Matter, 42.10
Rags, 3.50
Plastics, 3.90
Paper, 5.80
Metal, 1.90
Glass, 2.10


Chemical
Carbon
VOC
Ash content
Nitrogen
Phosphate

Calorific value
TYPES OF SOLID WASTES
Based on the source of generation
Residential wastes
Commercial wastes
Institutional wastes
Construction and demolition wastes
Municipal services
Treatment plant wastes
Industrial wastes
Agricultural wastes

Based on decomposability

Non-decomposible
Decomposible waste

Based on combustibility

Combustible waste
Non-combustible waste


Based on the contents of the waste
Rubbish
Food waste
Ashes
Dead animals
Treatment plant waste
Industrial waste
Mining waste


Collection system
Low rise buildings
Curb
Alley
Setout-setback
Setout
Backyard carry

High rise buildings
Crew can collect waste
Waste taken to service area by tenants
Tenants putting the waste in chute
Types of Collection system
Haul container system (HCS)
Stationary container system (SCS)
Transportation system
Motor vehicle
Railways
Hydraulic
Pneumatic
Compressed air/vacuum
Need of TS
Illegal dumps
disposal site too far
Small capacity collection truck
Low density area
More waste to large distance



PROCESSING OF WASTES

Segregation

Compaction

Shredding




To reduce the volume and quantity
Bioconversion


Biomethanation




Composting
Conventional
vermicomposting

Composting

Biological transformation of the waste.
Transformation of biodegradable waste into
biologically stable matter using micro organisms.
Reduces the volume of waste.
Destroy pathogens/insects.
End product is a humus like material called compost
that is rich in nutrients.
Compost can be used to support plant growth and as a
soil amendment.
In the Principle of Microbial Infallibility, it is assumed that
all organic materials can be biodegraded, given proper
biological, chemical and physical conditions. The provision
of these conditions requires that bio-systems be engineered
to create an environment conducive to a substrate's
biological utilization.




1. Oxygen and Aeration
2. Organisms
3. C:N Ratio
4. Moisture
5. Particle Size
6. Temperature
7. Time




Factors Affecting the Composting Process
Worms
Eudrilus eugineae
Eisena foetida
Vermicomposting

Combustion process

Thermal processing of solid waste by chemical oxidation
with stoichiometric or excess amounts of air.

End products-hot gases, water vapour (flue gas), and non-
combustible residue (ash).

Energy can be recovered by heat exchange from the hot
combustion gases.

Incineration

Pyrolysis

Thermal processing of waste in the complete absence
of air.

End products-solids (char), liquids (tar/oil) and gases
(hydrogen. methane, carbon monoxide, carbon
dioxide etc.)

Endothermic process, external source of heat is
required.

Gasification

Process of partial combustion of solid waste in which
air is supplied less than stoichiometric air.
End products-Flue gases( carbon monoxide, hydrogen,
carbon dioxide, hydrocarbons (methane)),
condensible liquids, solid residue (char).
Energy efficient technique for reducing the volume of
solid waste and the recovery of energy.
The gas generated can be used to generate electricity
using gas turbines or can be used in boilers as fuel.



DISPOSAL
Open dumping

Land filling

Disposal of residual solid wastes in the surface soils
of the earth.

Barging in to sea

Feeding to hogs



LANDFILL

Primary means of MSW disposal

Disposal of residual solid wastes in the surface
soils of the earth.



CLASSIFICATION

1. Secure landfills /Class 1 landfills
Designed to handle hazardous wastes.

2. Monofills /Class 2 landfills
Designed to handle particular types of wastes
such as incinerator ash or sewage sludge that
are relatively uniform in characteristics and
require special handling.








3. Sanitary landfills /Class 3 landfills
Engineered facilities designed to handle MSW.







Temporary
Holding area
Environmental
monitoring facilities
Equipment
workshop
Inspection/
Screening
facility
Weighing
scale
Access
road
Leachate
treatment
facility
Gas
flaring
facility
Surface
water
collection
facility
Typical Layout of a Landfill
Completed
fill
Active
filling
area
Future
fill area
Stock piled
cover
material
Office
Landfill Cell
Cell liner
Postclosure care
Activities associated with the long-term monitoring
and maintenance of the landfill (typically 30-50
years).
Dump truck
Landfill operation
Facility on restored landfill
Example Estimating Landfill
Requirements

Estimate the landfill area needed to handle one years
MSW for a town of 100,000 people. Assume national
average discards, no combustion, a landfill density of
600 kg/m, and a single 3m lift. Assume that 20
percent of the cell volume is soil used for cover.

Solution:
United States discards 146.6 million tonnes of MSW
per year. If we assume a population of roughly 260
million, the landfill volume of refuse for 100,000
people would be





Vmsw = (146.610^6 tonne 10 kg/tonne
100000people)
260 10^6 people 600 kg/m
= 93,975 m
Since only 80 percent of a cell is landfill, the volume
of cell needed is
Vcell = 93,975 m / 0.8 = 117,468 m

The area of lift, at 3m cell depth is
A = 117,468/3 = 39,155 m
The actual sizing of a landfill would include a number
of additional factors, such as additional area
requirements for access roads and auxiliary facilities,
reduction in landfill volume as biological
decomposition takes place and increases in
compaction as additional lifts are added.
Biological Reactions in Landfills
Four stage process

1. Aerobic Phase

2. Acid Phase

3. Methanogenesis, unsteady

4. Methanogenesis, steady

Another way of studying
the solid waste management
is the 3R principle

INTEGRATED SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT


Selection and application of suitable techniques,
technologies and management programs to achieve
specific waste management objectives and goals.

3 Rs in waste management
Reduce
Recycle
Reuse

Why reduction and recycling?
To reduce the waste to burry
To reduce the pollution by reusing the resources.
To reduce the rate of consumption of resources


The waste has three values
* The bulk value
*The food value or nutrition value
*The energy value
Recycle
Biodegradable waste
Bio-methanation
Composting