General Psychology: GuangDong University of Foreign Studies

Chapter 9
Chapter 9
Motivation and Emotion
General Psychology: GuangDong University of Foreign Studies
Chapter 9
Motivation
Dynamics of behavior that initiate, sustain, direct, and
terminate actions

General Psychology: GuangDong University of Foreign Studies
Chapter 9
A Model of Motivational Activities
Model of how motivated activities work
Need: Internal deficiency; causes
Drive: Energized motivational state (e.g., hunger,
thirst); activates a
Response: Action or series of actions designed to
attain a
Goal: Target of motivated behavior
Incentive Value: Goals appeal beyond its ability to fill a
need

General Psychology: GuangDong University of Foreign Studies
Chapter 9
Types of Motives
Primary Motive: Innate (inborn) motives based on
biological needs we must meet to survive
Stimulus Motive: Innate needs for stimulation and
information
Secondary Motive: Based on learned needs, drives, and
goals

General Psychology: GuangDong University of Foreign Studies
Chapter 9
Hunger: Big Mac Attack?
Homeostasis: Body equilibrium; balance
Hypothalamus: Brain structure; regulates many aspects
of motivation and emotion, including hunger, thirst, and
sexual behavior
Lateral Hypothalamus: If turned on, an animal will begin
eating; if destroyed, an animal will never eat again!
Ventromedial Hypothalamus: Stops eating behavior


General Psychology: GuangDong University of Foreign Studies
Chapter 9
Figure 9.2
FIGURE 9.2 In Walter Cannons early study of hunger, a simple apparatus was used to
simultaneously record hunger pangs and stomach contractions.
General Psychology: GuangDong University of Foreign Studies
Chapter 9
Figure 9.3
FIGURE 9.3 Location of the hypothalamus in the human brain.
General Psychology: GuangDong University of Foreign Studies
Chapter 9
Figure 9.4
FIGURE 9.4 This is a cross section through the middle of the brain (viewed from the front of the
brain). Indicated areas of the hypothalamus are associated with hunger and the regulation of
body weight.
General Psychology: GuangDong University of Foreign Studies
Chapter 9
More on Eating Behavior (Hungry Yet?)
Neuropeptide Y (NPY): Substance in the brain that
initiates eating
Glucagon-like Peptide 1 (GLP-1): Substance in brain that
terminates eating
Set Point: Proportion of body fat that is maintained by
changes in hunger and eating; point where weight stays
the same when you make no effort to gain or lose weight

General Psychology: GuangDong University of Foreign Studies
Chapter 9
The Final Word on Eating Behavior
Leptin: Substance released by fat cells that inhibits
eating
External Eating Cues: External stimuli that tend to
encourage hunger or elicit eating; these cues may cause
you to eat even if you are stuffed (like Homer Simpson,
who eats whatever he sees!)

General Psychology: GuangDong University of Foreign Studies
Chapter 9
Behavioral Dieting
Weight reduction based on changing exercise and eating
habits and not on temporary self-starvation
Some keys
Start with a complete physical
Exercise
Be committed to weight loss
General Psychology: GuangDong University of Foreign Studies
Chapter 9
Behavioral Dieting (cont'd)
Observe yourself, keep an eating diary, and keep a chart
of daily progress.
Eat based on hunger, not on taste or learned habits that
tell you to always clean your plate.
Avoid snacks.
Reward yourself if you change eating habits and punish
yourself if you do not.
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Chapter 9
Taste
Taste Aversion: Active dislike for a particular food
VERY difficult to overcome

General Psychology: GuangDong University of Foreign Studies
Chapter 9
Eating Disorders: Anorexia Nervosa
Active self-starvation or sustained loss of appetite that
seems to have psychological origins
Control issues seem to be involved
Very difficult to effectively treat
Affects adolescent females overwhelmingly

General Psychology: GuangDong University of Foreign Studies
Chapter 9
Figure 9.6
FIGURE 9.6 Women with abnormal eating habits were asked to rate their body shape on a
scale similar to the one you see here. As a group, they chose ideal
figure is much thinner than what they thought their current weights were. (Most women say they
want to be thinner than they currently are, but to a lesser degree than women with eating
problems.) Notice that women with eating problems chose an ideal weight that was even thinner
than what they thought men prefer. This is not typical of most women. Only women with eating
problems wanted to be thinner than what they thought men find attractive
General Psychology: GuangDong University of Foreign Studies
Chapter 9
Eating Disorders: Bulimia Nervosa
(Binge-Purge Syndrome)
Excessive eating usually followed by self-induced
vomiting and/or taking laxatives
Difficult to treat
Prozac approved by FDA to treat bulimia nervosa
Affects females overwhelmingly

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Chapter 9
Causes of Anorexia Nervosa and
Bulimia Nervosa
Anorectics and bulimics have exaggerated fears of
becoming fat; they think they are fat when the opposite is
true!
Bulimics are obsessed with food and weight; anorectics
with perfect control.
Anorectics will often be put on a weight-gain diet to
restore weight.
General Psychology: GuangDong University of Foreign Studies
Chapter 9
Thirst and Pain
Extracellular Thirst: When water is lost from fluids
surrounding the cells of the body
Intracellular Thirst: When fluid is drawn out of cells
because of increased concentration of salts and minerals
outside the cell
Best satisfied by drinking water
Pain Avoidance: An episodic drive
Distinct episodes when bodily damage takes place or
is about to occur

General Psychology: GuangDong University of Foreign Studies
Chapter 9
Sex Drive
Estrus: Changes in animals that create a desire for sex;
females in heat
Estrogen: A female sex hormone
Androgens: Male hormones
General Psychology: GuangDong University of Foreign Studies
Chapter 9
Figure 9.7
FIGURE 9.7 These graphs show the frequency of sexual intercourse for American adults. To
generalize, about one third of the people surveyed have sex twice a week or more, one third a
few times a month, and one third a few times a year or not at all. The overall average is about
once a week
General Psychology: GuangDong University of Foreign Studies
Chapter 9
Sexual Behavior and Orientation
Erogenous Zones: Areas of the body that produce
pleasure and/or provoke erotic desires (genitals, breasts,
etc.)
Sexual Orientation: Degree of emotional and erotic
attraction to members of the same sex, opposite sex, or
both sexes
Heterosexual: Attracted romantically and erotically to
the opposite sex
Homosexual: Attracted romantically and erotically to
the same sex
Bisexual: Attracted romantically and erotically to both
sexes

General Psychology: GuangDong University of Foreign Studies
Chapter 9
Human Sexual Response: Masters and Johnson
Sexual response can be divided into four phases that
occur in the following order:
Excitement: Initial signs of sexual arousal
Plateau: Physical arousal intensifies
Orgasm: Climax and release of sexual tension
Resolution: Return to lower levels of sexual tension
and arousal

General Psychology: GuangDong University of Foreign Studies
Chapter 9
Stimulus Drives
Reflect needs for information, exploration, manipulation,
and sensory input
Sensation Seeking: Trait of people who prefer high
levels of stimulation (e.g., the contestants on Eco-
Challenge and Fear Factor)
Yerkes-Dodson Law: If a task is simple, it is best for
arousal to be high; if it is complex, lower levels of arousal
provide for the best performance

General Psychology: GuangDong University of Foreign Studies
Chapter 9
Figure 9.11
FIGURE 9.11 (a) The general relationship between arousal and efficiency can be described by
an inverted U curve. The optimal level of arousal or motivation is higher for a simple task (b) than
for a complex task (c).
General Psychology: GuangDong University of Foreign Studies
Chapter 9
How to Cope With Test Anxiety
Preparation
Relaxation
Rehearsal
Restructuring thoughts

General Psychology: GuangDong University of Foreign Studies
Chapter 9
Circadian Rhythms
Cyclical changes in bodily functions and arousal levels
that vary on a 24-hour schedule
Preadaptation: Gradual matching of sleep-waking cycles
to a new time schedule before an anticipated circadian
rhythm change (e.g., trying to adjust to new time zone to
avoid jet lag)

General Psychology: GuangDong University of Foreign Studies
Chapter 9
Figure 9.12
FIGURE 9.12 Core body temperature follows a circadian rhythm. Most people reach a low point
2 to 3 hours before the time they normally wake u
Page Its no wonder that both the Chernobyl and Three-Mile Island nuclear power plant accidents
occurred around 4 A.M. Rapid travel to a different time zone, shift work, depression, and illness
can disrupt the bodys core rhythm, with disturbing effects
General Psychology: GuangDong University of Foreign Studies
Chapter 9
Figure 9.13
FIGURE 9.13 Time required to adjust to air travel across six time zones. The average time to
resynchronize was shorter for westbound travel than for eastbound flights.
General Psychology: GuangDong University of Foreign Studies
Chapter 9
Learned Motives
Social Motives: Acquired by growing up in a particular
society or culture
Need for Achievement (nAch): Desire to meet some
internal standard of excellence
Need for Power: Desire to have impact or control over
others
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Chapter 9
Abraham Maslow and Needs
Hierarchy of Human Needs: Maslows ordering of needs
based on presumed strength or potency; some needs
are more powerful than others and thus will influence
your behavior to a greater degree
Basic Needs: First four levels of needs in Maslows
hierarchy
Lower needs tend to be more potent than higher
needs
Growth Needs: Higher-level needs associated with self-
actualization
Meta-Needs: Needs associated with impulses for self-
actualization

General Psychology: GuangDong University of Foreign Studies
Chapter 9
Figure 9.14
FIGURE 9.14 Maslow believed that lower needs in the hierarchy are dominant. Basic needs must
be satisfied before growth motives are fully expressed. Desires for selfactualization are reflected
in various metaneeds (see text).
General Psychology: GuangDong University of Foreign Studies
Chapter 9
Types of Motivation
Intrinsic Motivation: Motivation coming from within, not
from external rewards; based on personal enjoyment of
a task
Extrinsic Motivation: Based on obvious external rewards,
obligations, or similar factors (e.g., pay, grades)
General Psychology: GuangDong University of Foreign Studies
Chapter 9
Emotions
State characterized by physiological arousal and
changes in facial expressions, gestures, posture, and
subjective feelings
Adaptive Behaviors: Aid our attempts to survive and
adjust to changing conditions
Physiological Changes: Include heart rate, blood
pressure, perspiration, and other involuntary bodily
responses
Adrenaline: Hormone produced by adrenal glands that
arouses the body
Emotional Expression: Outward signs of what a person
is feeling
Emotional Feelings: Private emotional experience

General Psychology: GuangDong University of Foreign Studies
Chapter 9
Plutchiks First Four Primary Emotions
Most basic emotions are:
Fear
Surprise
Sadness
Disgust

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Chapter 9
Plutchiks Last Four Primary Emotions (cont'd)
Anger
Anticipation
Joy
Acceptance
General Psychology: GuangDong University of Foreign Studies
Chapter 9
Figure 9.15
FIGURE 9.15 Primary and mixed emotions. In Robert Plutchiks model, there are eight primary
emotions, as listed in the inner areas. Adjacent emotions may combine to give the emotions
listed around the perimeter. Mixtures involving more widely separated emotions are also possible.
For example, fear plus anticipation produces anxiety.
General Psychology: GuangDong University of Foreign Studies
Chapter 9
Figure 9.16
FIGURE 9.16 Folklore holds that people who work or attend school on a weekly schedule
experience their lowest moods on Blue Monday. Actually, moods tend to be generally lower for
most weekdays than they are on weekends. The graph shown here plots the average daily
moods of a group of college students over a 5-week period. As you can see, many people find
that their moods rise and fall on a 7-day cycle. For most students, a low point tends to occur
around Monday or Tuesday and a peak on Friday or Saturday.
General Psychology: GuangDong University of Foreign Studies
Chapter 9
Brain and Emotion
Autonomic Nervous System (ANS): Neural system that
connects brain with internal organs and glands
Sympathetic Branch: Part of ANS that activates body for
emergency action
Parasympathetic Branch: Part of ANS that quiets body
and conserves energy
Parasympathetic Rebound: Overreaction to intense
emotion

General Psychology: GuangDong University of Foreign Studies
Chapter 9
Lie Detectors
Polygraph: Device that records heart rate, blood
pressure, respiration, and galvanic skin response (GSR);
lie detector
GSR: Measures sweating
Irrelevant Questions: Neutral, emotional questions in a
polygraph test
Relevant Questions: Questions to which only someone
guilty should react by becoming anxious or emotional
Control Questions: Questions that almost always
provoke anxiety in a polygraph (e.g. Have you ever
taken any office supplies?)

General Psychology: GuangDong University of Foreign Studies
Chapter 9
Body Language (Kinesics)
Study of communication through body movement,
posture, gestures, and facial expressions
Facial Blends: Mix of two or more basic expressions

General Psychology: GuangDong University of Foreign Studies
Chapter 9
Three Types of Facial Expressions
Pleasantness-Unpleasantness: Degree to which a
person is experiencing pleasure or displeasure
Attention-Rejection: Degree of attention given to a
person or object
Activation: Degree of arousal a person is experiencing
General Psychology: GuangDong University of Foreign Studies
Chapter 9
Figure 9.19
FIGURE 9.19 When shown groups of simplified faces (without labels), the angry and scheming
faces jumped out at people faster than sad, happy, or neutral faces. An ability to rapidly detect
threatening expressions probably helped our ancestors survive.
General Psychology: GuangDong University of Foreign Studies
Chapter 9
Theories of Emotion
James-Lange Theory: Emotional feelings follow bodily
arousal and come from awareness of such arousal.
Cannon-Bard Theory: The thalamus (in brain) causes
emotional feelings and bodily arousal to occur at the
same time.
Schachters Cognitive Theory: Emotions occur when a
label is applied to general physical arousal.
Attribution: Mental process of assigning causes to events;
attributing arousal to a certain source.
Facial Feedback Hypothesis: Sensations from facial
expressions and help define what emotion someone
feels.

General Psychology: GuangDong University of Foreign Studies
Chapter 9
Figure 9.21
FIGURE 9.21 Theories of emotion.
General Psychology: GuangDong University of Foreign Studies
Chapter 9
A Modern View of Emotion
Emotional Appraisal: Evaluating personal meaning of a
stimulus
Emotional Intelligence: Combination of skills, including
empathy, self-control, self-awareness, sensitivity to
feelings of others, persistence, and self-motivation

General Psychology: GuangDong University of Foreign Studies
Chapter 9
Figure 9.23
FIGURE 9.23 A contemporary model of emotion.
General Psychology: GuangDong University of Foreign Studies
Chapter 9
Happiness
Subjective Well-Being (SWB): When people are satisfied
with their lives, have frequent positive emotions, and
have relatively few negative emotions
Are these factors related to happiness?
Wealth: No relation
Education: Not really
Marriage: Not really
Religion: Minimally

General Psychology: GuangDong University of Foreign Studies
Chapter 9
Happiness Factors (cont'd)
Aging: Happiness does not decline with age.
Sex: Men and women do not differ in happiness.
Work: No.
Personality: If you have a sunny disposition, you are
more likely to be happy.