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INVERTER

CHAPTER 4:
INVERTER
Definition Converts DC to AC power by
switching the DC input voltage (or current) in a pre-
determined sequence so as to generate AC voltage
(or current) output

General block diagram:

INVERTER
Applications:
1) Air Conditioning
2) Induction heating
3) Electric vehicle drives
4) Aircraft power supplies
5) Standby power supplies
6) Variable-frequency drives
7) HVDC power transmission
8) DC power source utilization
9) Variable speed ac motor drives
10) Uninterruptible power supplies (UPS)


INVERTER
Switching device in Inverter

1) Bipolar junction transistor (BJT)
2) Metal oxide semiconductor fieldeffect transistor
(MOSFET)
3) Insulated-gate bipolar transistor (IGBT)
4) Gate-turn-off thyristor (GTO)





TYPES OF INVERTER

1) Voltage Source Inverter (VSI)





2) Current Source Inverter (CSI)

SWITCHING SCHEME IN VSI
a) Pulse width Modulation (PWM).






b) Square wave






SWITCHING SCHEME IN VSI
DIFFERENT SWITCHING SCHEME IN VSI
PWM Square wave
output voltage can be controlled
width the modulating waveforms
control only the frequency of the
out

put voltage.
Higher harmonic frequency Low frequency
complex control circuits for the
switches
Simple control circuits for the
switches
increased
losses due to more frequent
switching.
Low losses
Filtering easier Filtering complex














Voltage and current waveform for resistive load

SINGLE PHASE HALF BRIDGE WITH R LOAD
Waveform below shows the gating signal IG1 and IG2 of
switches S1 and S2 respectively.
The switch S1 is closed for half time period (T/2) of the
desired ac output. It connects point A of the dc source to point
C and the output voltage Vo becomes equal to +V/2.
At t=T/2, gating signal is removed from S1 and it turns off.
For the next half time period (T/2<t<T), the gating signal is
given to S2. It connects point B of the dc source to point C
and the output voltage reverses.
Thus, by closing S1 and S2 alternately, for half time periods, a
square wave ac voltage is obtained at the output.
For a resistive load, the load current io=vo/R.
Diodes D1 and D2 do not play any role. The frequency of the
output voltage, fo=1/T. Simply by controlling the time periods
of the gate drive signals the frequency can be varied.

SINGLE PHASE HALF BRIDGE WITH R LOAD













Voltage and current waveform for RL load

SINGLE PHASE HALF BRIDGE WITH RL LOAD
The rms output voltage : VO = VS













Voltage and current waveform for resistive load

SINGLE PHASE FULL BRIDGE WITH R LOAD
The switch pair S1S2 closes for the time interval 0
< t < T/2 and the output voltage (Vo), becomes +V.
At t=T/2, S1S2 pair turns off and simultaneously,
S3S4 pairs turn on to make Vo = -V.
At t=T, S1S2 pair is again closed to make Vo=V and
the cycles repeats.
By operating the two switch pairs at the desired
frequency, a square wave ac voltage is obtained at
the output. The load current waveform is also a
square wave with magnitude V/R.

SINGLE PHASE FULL BRIDGE WITH R LOAD
















Voltage and current waveform for RL load

SINGLE PHASE FULL BRIDGE WITH RL LOAD
At t=0, the load current is at its negative peak and its direction
cannot reverses instantaneously, due to inductive nature of the
load.
The diode pair D
1
D
2
provides a path for the negative current. The
output voltage becomes positive and the negative load current
decays to zero at t=t1. During this period, energy is fed back to
the source through the feedback diodes D
1
and D
2
.
At t=t
1
, the diode pair D
1
D
2
commutates and the switch pair S
1
S
2
,
which is already received the gating signal, turns on and
produced the output voltage (Vo), becomes +V.
It provides the path for the positive load current. The load current
builds up and reaches its positive peak at t=T/2. At this instant,
the switch pair S1S2

turns off . The positive current, continues to
flow for some more time (up to t=
t2
) through the diode pair
D3D4
.
As the load voltage is negative, the energy is fed back to the
source. At t=t
2
, D
3
D
4
pair commutates and S
3
S
4
pairs start
conduction for the negative load current and produced the
output voltage (Vo), becomes -V.

SINGLE PHASE FULL BRIDGE WITH RL LOAD
THREE PHASE INVERTER
THREE PHASE, VOLTAGE SOURCE INVERTER(VSI)
THREE PHASE VSI 120
0
CONDUCTION
Circuit diagram consist of six SCRs, six freewheeling diodes .Two
SCRs ON at a time .Each pair of SCR is operate for 120
conduction follow the summary table below which consist of six-step
conduction.
Duration SCR1 SCR2 SCR3 SCR4 SCR5 SCR6 V
AN
V
BN
V
CN

0 to 60 ON OFF OFF OFF OFF ON +V/2 -V/2 0
60 to
120
ON ON OFF OFF OFF OFF +V/2 0 -V/2
120 to
180
OFF ON ON OFF OFF OFF 0 +V/2 -V/2
180 to
240
OFF OFF ON ON OFF OFF -V/2 +V/2 0
240 to
300
OFF OFF OFF ON ON OFF -V/2 0 +V/2
300 to
360
OFF OFF OFF OFF ON ON 0 -V/2 +V/2

THREE PHASE VSI 120
0
CONDUCTION
THREE PHASE VSI 120
0
CONDUCTION

THREE PHASE VSI 180
0
CONDUCTION
Circuit diagram consist of 6 transistors and 6 diodes operate at
180conduction .Three transistors ON at a time.
THREE PHASE VSI 180
0
CONDUCTION
Duration SCR1 SCR2 SCR3 SCR4 SCR5 SCR6 V
ab
V
bc
V
ca

0 to 60 ON ON OFF OFF OFF ON +V/2 0 -V/2
60 to 120 ON ON ON OFF OFF OFF 0 +V/2 -V/2
120 to 180 OFF ON ON ON OFF OFF -V/2 +V/2 0
180 to 240 OFF OFF ON ON ON OFF -V/2 0 +V/2
240 to 300 OFF OFF OFF ON ON ON 0 -V/2 +V/2
360 to 420 ON OFF OFF OFF ON ON V/2 -V/2 0
420 to 480 ON OFF ON OFF ON OFF 0 0 0
480 to 540 OFF ON OFF ON OFF ON 0 0 0
DIFFERENT CONTROL SIGNAL IN THREE PHASE
INVERTER
No 120
0
180
0
1 Each transistor conducts for 120. Each transistor conducts for 180
2 Only 2 transistors remain on at
any instant of time.
3 transistors remain on at any instant of
time.
3







DIFFERENT CONTROL SIGNAL IN THREE PHASE
INVERTER
No 120
0
180
0
4 Less utilization of switch Better utilization of switch
5 Six modes of operation in a
cycle.3 modes in half cycle.
Conduction of sequence
transistors is 61, 12, 23, 34, 45,
56, 61.
Six modes of operation in a cycle.3
modes in half cycle. Conduction of
sequence: 123, 234, 345, 456, 561,
612.

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