GAS DYNAMICS

MS Process & Mechanical Engineering

3
rd
Semester
Chapter 5
Compressible Flow with Friction
Steady 1-D Compressible Flow With Friction
SO FAR WE HAVE DEVELOPED
1. General equations governing steady 1-D flow
2. These equations have driving potential terms for,
1. Area change
2. Friction
3. Heat Transfer
4. Body forces
We Need To Quantify The Effects Of These Driving Potentials
1. Generally all these potentials can be present
2. In most of the practical cases one of them is more important and rest can be
neglected
3. Previously we considered the effects of area change for adiabatic frictionless
flows
4. Now we consider the effects of friction in constant area ducts
Steady 1-D Compressible Flow With Friction Governing Eqs.
Governing equation for Steady 1-D Flow
With Friction;
Assumptions:
1. No body forces, gdz = 0
2. Constant Area dA

= 0
3. No heat Transfer, adiabatic flow, oQ = 0
4. No drag force, oD = 0
5. No work done, oW = 0
6. Wall friction is the only driving force
Continuity Equation
=constant
m V
G V
A v
= = =
Momentum Equation
2
4fdx
0
2
V
dp VdV

| |
+ + =
|
\ .
D
Energy Equation
2
0
2
V
dh d
| |
+ =
|
\ .
Entropy Equation constant s =
Thermodynamics of Steady 1-D Comp. Flow With Friction
First consider only the thermodynamics of the problem.
Let us find out all the thermodynamic states that are possible for this process
Combine the continuity and energy equations
2 2 2
contant
2 2
V G v
h h H + = + = =
2 2 2 2
1 2
1 2
contant
2 2
G v G v
h h H + = + = =
Important comments
1. Relationship of enthalpy and specific volume of a gas for a fixed G
2. No explicit information about friction effects
3. However, all the effects are hidden in the thermodynamic states that the fluid attains
during this frictional process
4. Thus for a frictional process this equation should give a curve on h-s diagram not a
vertical straight line
5. This curve is called FANNO LINE/CURVE
Thermodynamics of St. 1-D Comp. Flow With Friction, -2
1. To plot a Fanno Curve assume
different values of specific volume
(Specific volume increases as pressure
decreases)
(Since the process is not isentropic the
new thermodynamic state will be at
higher entropy, thus incorporating the
effect of friction)

2. Calculate h from above
(Energy + continuity equation)

3. Find the corresponding entropy s from
gas tables
For a steady state process G = constant
A typical such Fanno
curve for steam
Thermodynamics of St. 1-D Comp. Flow With Friction, -3
IMPORTANT INFERENCES FROM FANNO CURVE
1. For a given fixed G as the length of the duct increases, the pressure at the far
end decreases.
2. With increased length the enthalpy and pressure decreases, entropy and flow
velocity/ specific volume increases as H is constant. i.e flow expansion
3. Curve passes through a maximum entropy corresponding to a pressure p
L
4. Thus if back pressure is reduced below p
L
then according to the equation the
pressure and entropy should decrease further as one sees in the plot in its first
glance
5. However, 2
nd
law of thermodynamics gets violated as entropy cannot be
decreased, Hence the process lying on the lower portion are not possible if one
starts from state 1
6. Lower portion is very much valid if from a lower enthalpy and lower pressure
one moves towards higher enthalpy and pressure i.e Flow compression
7. Thus either you move from higher enthalpy and pressure to lower enthalpy and
pressure or VICE VERSA for a given G you reach a limiting condition
corresponding to maximum enthalpy and pressure p
L
.
8. This condition corresponds to choking condition, and limiting velocity
Limiting Velocity For a Fanno Line
1. Around point of maximum entropy the Fanno Curve is more or less flat.
2. Any infinitesimal change in the state of gas around this point can be assumed to
occur at constant entropy. Hence one may write


3. Similarly one can rewrite the Fanno curve equation for the maximum entropy
point as


4. Solve the two equations to get



5. Rewrite this equation as
0
L L L L L
t ds dh v dp = =
2 2
L
contant
2
L
G v
h H + = =
2
L L
v v 0
L
dh G d + =
2
L L L
0
L
v dp G v dv + =
1
L
=
2 2
L L
V =
2
L L
d =
2
L
L L
0
L
L
dp d
V


=
2
2 2 *
L L
L L
L
s
dp p
V a a
d
| |
c
= = = =
|
c
\ .
Limiting Velocity For a Fanno Line, contd. -2
1. Hence for adiabatic 1-D compressible flow with friction in a constant area duct the
entropy of the fluid is at its maximum when the fluid is moving with the local
speed of sound OR M
L
= 1
2. The upper portion of Fanno curve has V < a* and M < 1 and the lower portion
has V > a* and M > 1
3. The effect of friction addition is that
1. if the flow is initially subsonic it will be accelerated to sonic conditions
2. If the fluid is initially supersonic then it will decelerate to the sonic conditions
4. On the upper portion of Fanno Line the velocity increases and pressure
decreases
5. On the lower portion of the Fanno Line the velocity decreases and pressure
increases
IMPORTANT INFERENCES
Limiting Velocity For a Fanno Line, contd. -3
Limiting conditions at the maximum entropy
point on a Fanno line.
Effect of increasing the flow resistance
on flow along a Fanno line.
Limiting Velocity For a Fanno Line, contd. -4
How would the flow will behave if length is increased i.e. friction is added
Flow starts from some static condition 1 and by addition of friction is accelerated to a
*
.
This change of state corresponds to a critical condition say L
1
.
This would in turn give rise to an increase in entropy = s
L
s
1
In length of duct is further increased then due to an increased loss of energy, there
should be an increase in the entropy change.
This entropy change cannot occur on the same F-Line starting from condition1
Hence the flow will shift to another F-Line corresponding to a new lesser G.
If you wish to maintain the G and still add length then the increase in entropy change can
only be accounted for if the initial starting conditions are changed.
Effect of decreasing the back pressure
on flow along a Fanno line.
Inlet Properties for Fanno Flow
Dynamics of Steady 1-D Fanno Flow
The momentum equation for Fanno Flow is rearranged to give the following form
2
1 4f dx
0
2
dp dv
G
v v
| |
+ + =
|
\ .
D
Either an Average/constant value of f is needed or the functional dependence of f with
respect to velocity, as it varies with increasing or decreasing velocity, only then we can
integrate the above equation. For a mean f
2
2
2
1 1
1 4f L
ln 0
2
v dp
G
v v
| |
+ + =
|
\ .
}
D
2
2 1
1
L dx x x = =
}
2
1
1
f f
x
x
dx
L
=
}
If relationship of p & is known then the dynamic equation can be finally integrated
This relationship comes from the equation of states for a perfect or imperfect gas
Can you get the Darcy Equation form
2
2
2
1 1
1 4f L
ln 0
2
v dp
G
v v
| |
+ + =
|
\ .
}
D
2
4fdx
0
2
V
dp VdV

| |
+ + =
|
\ .
D
Fanno Line Equations for Perfect Gases in Different Forms
Since the Fanno Flow is an adiabatic process, H & T remains constant, Hence




As the Fanno Flow is not a frictionless process so p, P, and
o
will not be constant,
To relate the pressure & densities at two locations in Fanno Flow use constant G



Hence
| |
|
\ .
2
1
T= 1+
2
t M

| |
|
\ .
=
| |
|
\ .
2
1
2
2
1
2
1
1+
2
1
1+
2
M
t
t
M
( )
1 1
2 2
1 1 1
1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 2 2
1 1 1 1 2
= = = Constant
p M a
pV pV m
G V p M p M
A Rt Rt Rt Rt Rt

| | | |
= = = = =
| |
\ . \ .
1
2
2
1
2 1
2
1 2
2
1
1
2
1
1
2
M
p M
p M
M

| |
+
|
=
|

|
+
\ .
1
2
2
2
2 1 2 1 1 1
2
1 2 1 2 2 2
1
1
1
2
1
1
2
M
v p t V M
v p t V M
M

| |
+
|
= = = =
|

|
+
\ .
Fanno Line Equations for Perfect Gases in Different Forms
The stagnation pressures are given as




One can also represent the entropy rises as




The impulse function
1
2
1
1
2
P
M
p

| |
= +
|
\ .
( )
( )
1
-1 2 -1
2 2
2 2
2 2 1
2 2
1 1 2
1 1
1 1
1 1
2 2
1 1
1 1
2 2
M M
P p M
P p M
M M




+

| | | |
+ +
| |
= =
| |

| |
+ +
\ . \ .
( )
( )
1
2 -1
2
1
2 1 1 2
2
2 1
2
1
1
2
ln ln
1
1
2
M
s s P M
R P M
M

+
(

| |
( +
|

(
= =
|

(
|
+
(
\ .

( )
( )
1
2
2
2
1
1 2
2
2
2
1
2 1
2
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
2
M
M M
M M
M

| |
+
+
|
=
|

+
|
+
\ .
F
F
Friction Parameter for Fanno Flow
The dynamic equation for Fanno Flow
2
4fdx
0
2
V
dp VdV

| |
+ + =
|
\ .
D
2
2
4fdx
0
2
dp dV M
M
p V

| |
+ + =
|
\ .
D
Friction Parameter a Function of M
After doing some necessary algebra
( )
2
3 2
2 1
4fdx
1
1
2
M dM
M M

| |
+
|
\ .
D
Integrate from x=0 for M=M to x=L
*
for M=1, with average friction factor
( )
( )
*
2
2
x=L
*
2
2
0
1
1
1
4fdx 4f L
2
ln
1
2
1
2
x
M
M
M
M

=
+
| |

| +
= = +
|

|
+
\ .
}
D D
Value of
Friction Parameter vs M
for s
In Gas Tables
Length Vs Mach Number Relationship
Ultimately Our interest is to find a relationship of variation of M as length changes
One can reason that the following relation holds



OR




OR



Similarly one can also relate the property ratios in terms of Initial M and Initial and
final velocities
1 2
* *
4f L 4f L 4f L
M M
| | | |
=
| |
\ . \ .
D D D
( )
( )
2 2
2 2
1 2
2 1
2 2
2 2
1 2
2 1
1
1
1
4f L 1
2
ln
1
2
1
2
M M
M M
M M
M M

| |
| |
+
| |

+
\ .
|
= +

| |
|
+
|
|
\ .
\ .
D
( )
2 2
2
1 1
1
2
1 2 2
1
4f L 1 1
1 1 ln
2 2
V V
M
M V V

(
+ | | | |

| |
( = + +
| | |
\ . (
\ . \ .

D
Influence Coefficients for Fanno Flow
Similar Method as specified in isentropic flow with area change

( )
2 2
2
1
1
4fdx
2
2 1
M M
dM
M M

| |
+
|
| |
\ .
|
=
\ .

D
( )
( )
2 2
2
1 1
4fdx
2 1
M M
dp
p
M
( +
| |

=
|

\ .
D
( )
2
2
4fdx
2 1
d M
M

| |
=
|

\ .
D
( )
( )
4
2
1
4fdx
2 1
M
dt
t
M
| |
=
|

\ .
D
( )
2
2
4fdx
2 1
dV M
V
M
| |
=
|

\ .
D
2
4fdx
2
dP M
P
| |
=
|
\ .
D
( )
2
2
4fdx
2 1
d M
M

| |
=
|
+
\ .
D
F
F
2
4fdx
2
ds M
R
| |
=
|
\ .
D
Effect of Fanno Flow on Flow Properties in Constant Area
Property Ratio M < 1 M > 1
dp/p - +
dt/t - +
d/ - +
dP/P - -
dV/V + -
dM/M + -
dF/F
- -
ds/c
p
+ +
Fanno Line Tables for Perfect Gas
For calculation purpose limiting condition of M = 1 is employed
Steady Isothermal Fanno Flow in Constant Area Duct
Energy Equation for flowing fluids with work and heat transfer


With no work, isothermal flow and no body forces


Isothermal flow, no work & no body forces, the dynamic eq for isothermal Fanno flow



From continuity equation we have


From equation of state for perfect gas we have
2
0
2
p
V
W Q c dt d gdz o o
| |
+ + + =
|
\ .
2
2
p
V
Q d dH c dT o
| |
= = =
|
\ .
2 2
2
4fdx 4fdx 2 4fdx
2 0
2 2
V V v dV
dp VdV vdp VdV dp
V V

| | | | | | | |
+ + = + + = + + =
| | | |
\ . \ . \ . \ .
D D D
= constant
m V dv dV
G V
A v v V
= = = =
dp dv dV
p v V
= =
Steady Isothermal Fanno Flow in Constant Area Duct
Combine the equations to get relation between friction parameter and static pressure



Now integrate between the two stations






Similarly Stagnation Temperature, Pressure Ratios and Impulse functions ratios
2
2 2 4fdx
0
v dp
pdp
pV p
| |
| |
+ =
| |
\ .
\ .
D
2
2 2
2 2
constant
v
pvV G Rt
| |
= = =
|
\ .
2 2 L
1
2
1 1 1 2 0
2 4f
2 dx 0
v dp
pdp
pV p
| |
+ =
|
\ .
} } }
D
( )
2
2 2
1 2
1 2
2
1 1 1
4f L
ln
v p
p p
pV p
| | | |
= +
| |
\ . \ .
D
2
2
2 2
2 2
1 1 1
4f L 1
1 ln
p p
M p p
| || | | |
= +
| | |
\ .\ . \ .
D
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
1+
2
1
1+
2
M
T
T
M

| |
|
\ .
=

| |
|
\ .
-1
2
2
2 2
2
1 1
1
1
1
2
1
1
2
M
P p
P p
M

| |
+
|
=
|

|
+
\ .
( )
( )
2
2 2
2
2
1
1 1
1
1
p M
p M

+
=
+
F
F
Steady Isothermal Fanno Flow in Constant Area Duct
2
2 1
0
4
dx v
dp f V p
| |
=
|
\ .
D
We can get
2
2 2 4fdx
0
v dp
pdp
pV p
| |
| |
+ =
| |
\ .
\ .
D
For point of chocking 0
dx
dp
=
1 L L L
V v p Rt = =
1
L
a
V

=
Flow chocked at
subsonic speed
1
L
M

=
For
1
L
M

<
Fluid is receiving
heat and vice versa
As
Integrating above eq for 1 to L
Putting in above result in the eq.
We get
Or in the form of M
Steady Isothermal Fanno Flow in Constant Area Duct
If the flow is incompressible
0
0
0
Integrating, we get
so
Property Ratios for Steady Isothermal Fanno Flow in
Constant Area Duct