AP Biology 2006-2007

Endocrine System
Hormones
AP Biology
Regulation
Why are hormones needed?
chemical messages from one
body part to another
communication needed to
coordinate whole body
homeostasis & regulation
metabolism
growth
development
maturation
reproduction
growth hormones
AP Biology
Regulation & Communication
Animals rely on 2 systems for regulation
endocrine system
ductless gland which secrete
chemical signals directly into blood
chemical travels to target tissue
slow, long-lasting response
nervous system
system of neurons, central
nerve system
transmits electrical signal to
target tissue
fast, short-lasting response
AP Biology
Regulation by chemical messengers
Axon
Neurotransmitter
Endocrine gland
Receptor proteins
Hormone carried
by blood
Target cell
Neurotransmitters released by neurons
Hormones release by endocrine glands
Receptor proteins
AP Biology
Classes of Hormones
Protein-based hormones
polypeptides
small proteins: insulin, ADH
glycoproteins
large proteins + carbohydrate: FSH, LH
amines
modified amino acids: epinephrine, melatonin
Lipid-based hormones
steroids
modified cholesterol: sex hormones, aldosterone
AP Biology
How do hormones act on target cells
Lipid-based hormones
hydrophobic & lipid-soluble
diffuse across membrane & enter cells
bind to receptor proteins in cytoplasm & nucleus
bind to DNA as transcription factors
Protein-based hormones
hydrophilic & not lipid soluble
cant diffuse across membrane
trigger secondary messenger pathway
activate cellular response
enzyme action, uptake or secretion of molecules
AP Biology
nucleus
cytoplasm
plasma membrane
DNA
mRNA
protein
steroid hormone
blood
protein
carrier
2
3
5
4
S
S
S
1
S
Action of lipid (steroid) hormones
receptor protein
AP Biology
Action of protein hormones
3
4
GTP
activates
enzyme
activates
enzyme
activates
enzyme
Receptor
protein
cAMP
Protein
hormone
ATP
1
2
cytoplasm
Produces an action
protein
messenger
cascade
G protein
AP Biology
adrenal gland
Action of epinephrine (adrenalin)
3
4
GTP
activates
protein kinase-A
activates
phosphorylase
activates
adenylyl cyclase
receptor
protein
cAMP
epinephrine
ATP
1
2
cytoplasm
G protein
liver cell
glucose glycogen
released
to blood
AP Biology
Benefits of a 2 messenger system
Amplification!
Signal molecule
Receptor protein Activated adenylyl cyclase
Amplification
Amplification
Amplification
Amplification
GTP G protein
2
1
3
4
5
6
7
Enzymatic product
Enzyme
Protein kinase
cAMP
Not yet
activated
AP Biology 2005-2006
Negative Feedback Model
high
low
hormone 1
lowers
body condition
hormone 2
gland
specific body condition
raises
body condition
gland
AP Biology 2005-2006
Body Temperature
high
low
nerve signals
sweat
nerve signals
brain
body temperature
shiver
brain
dilates surface
blood vessels
constricts surface
blood vessels
Feedback
Nervous System Control
AP Biology 2005-2006
liver
pancreas
liver
Blood Sugar
blood sugar level
insulin
body
cells take
up sugar
from blood
liver stores
sugar
reduces
appetite
glucagon
pancreas
liver
releases
sugar
triggers
hunger
high
low
Feedback
Endocrine System Control
AP Biology 2005-2006
nephron
low
Blood Osmolarity
blood osmolarity
blood pressure
ADH
increased
water
reabsorption
increase
thirst
renin
increased
water & salt
reabsorption
high
Feedback
Endocrine System Control
pituitary
angiotensinogen
angiotensin
nephron
adrenal
gland
aldosterone
AP Biology
Endocrine & Nervous system links
Hypothalamus = master control center
nervous system
receives information from nerves around body
about internal conditions
regulates release of hormones from pituitary
Pituitary gland = master gland
endocrine system
secretes broad range
of hormones
regulating other
glands
AP Biology
Thyroid gland
Hypothalamus
Anterior
pituitary
Gonadotropic
hormones:
Follicle-
stimulating
hormone (FSH)
& luteinizing
hormone (LH)
Mammary
glands
in mammals
Muscles
of uterus
Kidney
tubules
Posterior
pituitary
Thyroid-stimulating
Hormone
(TSH)
Antidiuretic
hormone
(ADH)
Adrenal
cortex
Bone
and muscle Testis
Ovary
Melanocyte
in amphibian
AP Biology
Homology in hormones
prolactin
mammals
milk
production
birds
fat
metabolism
amphibians
metamorphosis
& maturation
fish
salt &
water
balance
growth
& development
What does this tell you about these hormones?
growth
hormone
same gene family
AP Biology
Regulating metabolism
Hypothalamus
TRH = TSH-releasing hormone
Anterior Pituitary
TSH = thyroid stimulating hormone
Thyroid
produces thyroxine hormones
metabolism & development
bone growth
mental development
metabolic use of energy
blood pressure & heart rate
muscle tone
digestion
reproduction
tyrosine
iodine
thyroxine
AP Biology
Goiter
Iodine deficiency
causes thyroid to
enlarge as it tries to
produce thyroxine
AP Biology
Regulating blood calcium levels
Increased blood Ca
++
Thyroid
Parathyroids
Low blood Ca
++
Parathyroid
hormone (PTH)
Increased absorption
of Ca
++
from intestine
due to PTH activation
of Vitamin D
Reabsorption of Ca
++
&
excretion of PO
4

Osteoclasts
dissolve CaPO
4

crystals in
bone, releasing
Ca
++



Negative
feedback
AP Biology 2005-2006
corpus
luteum
ovary
Female reproductive cycle
pregnancy
maintains
uterus lining
no
yes
Feedback
estrogen
egg
matures &
is released
(ovulation)
builds up
uterus lining
FSH & LH
progesterone
progesterone
fertilized egg
(zygote)
HCG
corpus luteum breaks down
progesterone drops
menstruation
corpus
luteum
maintains
uterus lining
GnRH
pituitary
gland
hypothalamus
AP Biology 2005-2006
Any Questions??
AP Biology 2005-2006
Animal Reproduction
&
Development
AP Biology 2005-2006
Oogenesis
Meiosis 1 completed
during egg maturation
Meiosis 2 completed
triggered by fertilization
ovulation
What is the advantage
of this development
system?
AP Biology 2005-2006
Fertilization
AP Biology 2005-2006
Fertilization
Joining of sperm & egg
sperm head enters egg
AP Biology 2005-2006
Cleavage
Repeated mitotic divisions of zygote
1st step to becoming multicellular
unequal divisions establishes body plan
different cells receive different portions of egg
cytoplasm & therefore different regulatory signals
AP Biology 2005-2006
Cleavage
zygote morula blastula
establishes future development
AP Biology 2005-2006
Gastrulation
Establish 3 cell layers
ectoderm
outer body tissues
skin, nails, teeth, nerves
mesoderm
blood, bone & muscle
endoderm
inner lining
digestive system
ectoderm
mesoderm
endoderm
protostome vs. deuterostome
gastrulation in
primitive chordates
AP Biology 2005-2006
Neurulation
1st organ to form is notochord &
nerve chord
develop into nervous system
Neural groove
Notochord
Neural tube
AP Biology 2005-2006
Organogenesis
Umbilical blood vessels
Chorion
Amnion
Yolk
sac
Allantois
Fetal blood vessels
Maternal blood vessels
Bird embryo
Mammalian embryo
Placenta
AP Biology 2005-2006
Placenta
Materials exchange across membranes
AP Biology 2005-2006
Human fetal development
7 weeks 4 weeks
AP Biology 2005-2006
Sex determination
XY
XX
Testes
Y
Sperm Zygote
Zygote
Ovum
Sperm
Ovum
X
X
X
Indifferent
gonads
SRY
No SRY
Ovaries
(Follicles do not
develop until
third trimester)
Seminiferous
tubules
Develop in
early
embryo
Leydig cells
AP Biology 2005-2006
Human fetal development
10 weeks
AP Biology 2005-2006
Human fetal development
12 weeks 20 weeks
AP Biology 2005-2006
Human fetal development
The fetus just spends much of the 2
nd
&
3
rd
trimesters just growing
and doing various flip-turns & kicks
inside amniotic fluid

Week 20
AP Biology 2005-2006
Human fetal development
24 weeks (6 months; 2nd trimester)
fetus is covered
with fine, downy
hair called
lanugo. Its skin
is protected by
a waxy material
called vernix
AP Biology 2005-2006
Human fetal development
30 weeks (7.5 months)
umbilical cord
AP Biology 2005-2006
Getting crowded in there!!
32 weeks (8 months)
The fetus
sleeps 90-95%
of the day &
sometimes
experiences
REM sleep, an
indication of
dreaming
AP Biology 2005-2006
Birth
positive feedback
AP Biology 2005-2006
Intestine
Placenta
Umbilical
cord
Wall of
uterus
Vagina
Cervix
Birth (36 weeks)
Bladder
AP Biology 2005-2006
The end of the journey!