SIGNS & SYMPTOMS

Rectal bleeding
Retctal itching
Pain in the anal area
Changing in the diameter of stool
Abnormal discharge from the anus

INVESTIGATIONS
Endoscopy
Anoscopy
Rigid proctosigmoidoscopy
Biopsy
Fine needle aspiration biopsy
sentinel node biospy







INVESTIGATIONS 2
IMAGING STUDIES
Ultra sound
Computed tomography (CT) scan
Magnetic resonance imaging
Chest x ray

BONE CANCER
Pain
Fatigue
Fever
Weight loss
Anemia
Unexplained bone fractures

INVESTIGATIONS
X ray
MRI
PET
BIOPSY


STOMACH CANCER
Poor appetite
Weight loss
Abdominal pain
Vague discomfort in the abdomen
A sense of fullness in the upper abdomen
STOMACH CANCER
Heart burn or indigestion
Nausea
Vomiting
Swelling or fluid build up in the abdomen

INVESTIGATIONS
Endoscopic ultrasound
Computed tomography (CT scan)
MRI
PET scan
Chest x ray
Laproscopy
Liver cancer
Weight loss
Loss of appetite
Feeling very full after a small meal
Nausea or vomiting
Enlarged liver
Yellowing of the skin and eyes (jaundice)

OVARIAN CANCER
Bloating
Pelvic or abdominal pain
Trouble eating
Urinary urgency
INVESTIGATIONS
CT scan
MRI
Ultra sound
CT scan
X ray ( Barium emema)
Chest x ray

Other tests
Laparoscopy
Colonoscopy
Biopsy
Blood tests
PANCREATIC CANCER
Jaundice
Abdominal pain
Weight loss
Poor appetite

DIGESTIVE PROBLEMS
Gallbladder enlargement
Blood clots or
fatty tissue abnormalities
Diabetes

INVESTIGATIONS
Medical History & P/E
CT scan
MRI
Somatostatin receptor scintigraphy
PET
Ultra sound
ERCP
Angiography
Blood Tests
Biopsy ( Fine needle aspiration biopsy)
THYROID CANCER
A lump in neck, sometimes growing quickly
Swelling in the neck
Pain infront of the neck, sometime going upto
the ears
Hoarseness or other voice changes that dont
go away
Trouble swallowing and breathing
A constant cough that is not due to cold

INVESTIGATIONS
Medical history and P/E
FNAC
IMAGING TESTS
Ultra sound
Radio iodine scan
CT
MRI
PET


Blood test
TSH
T3 & T4
Thyroglobulin
Calcitonin
Carcinoembryonic antigen
Other test : Vocal cord exam (laryngoscopy)


CERVICAL CANCER
Abnormal vaginal bleeding
Unusual vagina discharge
Pelvic pain
Pain during urination
Dyspareunia


INVESTIGATION
Colposcopy
Cervical biopsy
Bone biopsy
Cystoscopy and proctosigmoidoscopy
MRI
CT

PREPARATION FOR PAP TEST
You should not schedule your pap test for
time when you are having period
If you are going to have a pap test in next 2
days
You should not douche (rinse the vagina with
water or another fluid )
You should not use a tampoon
You should not have sex

You should not use a birth control foam,
cream or jelly
You should not use a cream or jelly in your
vagina

Women between the ages 21-29 should have
pap test every 3 years
HPV test should not used unless pap test is
abnormal
Women b/w the ages 30-39 have a pap test
and HPV test every 5 years or pap test along
every 3 years
No test is needed after a hysterectomy if not
related to cervical cancer
Women b/w the age 40-49, 50-59 have a pap
test and HPV test every 5 years or pap test
along every 3 years
No test is needed after a hysterectomy if not
related to cervical cancer
Women b/w the ages 60-65 no testing is
needed if you have had regular cervical cancer
testing


No test is needed after a hysterectomy if not
related to cervical cancer
Women with a history of serious cervical pre
cancer should continue testing for 20 years
after the diagnosis
COLON CANCER
Changing in bowel habits
Diarrhea
Constipation or feeling that the bowel does not
empty completely
Bright red or dark red blood in the stool
Narrow stools
Gas pains, bloating, fullness, cramps
Unexplained weight loss
Chronic fatigue and vomiting
INVESTIGATION
Fecal occult blood test
Digital rectal examination
Sigmoidoscopy
Colonoscopy
Barrium enema
Biopsy

ESOPHAGEAL CANCER
Unintentional weight loss
Pain or difficulty swallowing
Hoarseness
Persistent cough
Heartburn
Feeling like food is stuck in the throat or chest
Hiccups with pain or difficulty swallowing
BLADDER CANCER
Blood in the urine
Changes in the urination pattern
frequency : having to urinate more
often than usual
Dysuria :feeling pain or burning during
urination
Urgency : feeling as if you need to go right
away when the bladder is not full
INVESTIGATIONS
Medical history and P/E
Cystoscopy
Lab tests :
Urine cytology
Urine culture