Time Table

No Program Responsible person

1 Introduction group Moderator
2 Explanation of material Brazing
3 Debriefing Moderator
4 Closing presentation Moderator
Laboratory Procedure of Feces
By Group 5
Member of Group 5
Sinta Maharani
Stevy Andriani
Surya fatma
Suwastiko Puji Y N U
Umi Salamah
Moderator
Name : Umi Salamah
Born : Bontang, 22 June 1994
Graduated: SMK N 1 Bontang
Presenter 1
Name : Sinta Maharani
Born : Samarinda, 19 April 1995
Graduated: SMK Farmasi Samarinda
Explan : Feces - Sampling feces
Presenter 2
Name : Stevy Andriani
Born : Balikpapan, 29 Oktober 1994
Graduated: SMAN 3 Sendawar
Explan : Analysis Macroscopic
Presenter 3
Name : Surya Fatma
Born : Muara Wis, 07 January 1996
Graduated: SMAN 1 Muara Wis
Explan : Analysis microcopic
Presenter 4
Name : Suwastiko Puji Y N U
Born : Samarinda, 08 January 1995
Graduate : SMK Kesehatan Samarinda
Explan : Blood vague

Feces
Sampel for examination of feces should be
derived from spontaneous defecation, may
also feces sample taken from the rectum with
a gloved finger. Can be used for examination
of feces while, rarely in need of 24 -hour
feces for a particular examination..
Examination of feces
Macroscopic examination
Microscopic examination
Chemical Examination
Macroscopic examination
Visible to the naked eye, includes
consistency, color, blood, mucus. The
presence of blood and mucus indicates
infection should be treated promptly, the
infection because of an amoeba or bacteria
shigella.

Microscopic examination
(only visible through a microscope:
leukocytes, erythrocytes, epithelial, starch,
eggs, worms and amoebae). The presence of
amoeba indicates infection of the
gastrointestinal tract of the amoeba, and
indicates the presence of worm eggs;
patients should be given medicine of the
parasitic infection.

Chemical Examination
To determine the presence of blood Samar,
urobilin, Urobilinogen, bilirubin in feces / feces

The important examination of feces is in the
parasite and worm eggs. Equally important in
certain circumstances is a test for occult blood.
Sampling feces
is a method to take a feces specimen; it is a
complete examination and culture examination:
the type of food and peristalsis affect the shape,
quantity and consistency.

Indications Examination
The presence of diarrhea and constipation
Jaundice
The presence of digestive disorders
The presence of mucus in the feces
Suspicion of gastrointestinal disease
The presence of blood in feces

Terms of collecting feces
The place should be clean, watertight, free from
urine, examined 30-40 minutes since issued. When
the postponed examination on the cupboard shelf
ice.
Patients were prohibited from Barium swallow,
Bismuth, and Oil in the 5 days prior to the
examination.
Taken from the most likely to give abnormality.
Most good of spontaneous defecation or Rectal
touches
Patients constipation
feces container
feces container is preferably made of glass
or other material that cant penetrate the
plastic. If the hard feces consistency, dos
layered cardboard paraffin may also be
used. Containers must be mouthed wide.
Analysis macroscopic of feces
Color
Smell
Consistency
Mucus
Blood
Parasit
Color of Feces
Stool color

What it may mean Possible dietary causes
Green
Food may be moving through
the large intestine too quickly,
such as due to diarrhea. As a
result, bile doesn't have time to
break down completely.
Green leafy vegetables, green food
coloring, such as in flavored drink
mixes or ice pops, iron supplements.
Light-colored,
white or clay-
colored
A lack of bile in stool. This may
indicate a bile duct obstruction.
Certain medications, such as large
doses of bismuth subsalicylate
(Kaopectate, Pepto-Bismol) and
other anti-diarrheal drugs.
Yellow,
greasy, foul-
smelling
Excess fat in the stool, such as
due to a malabsorption disorder,
for example, celiac disease.
Sometimes the protein gluten, such
as in breads and cereals. But see a
doctor for evaluation.
Black
Bleeding in the upper
gastrointestinal tract, such as the
stomach.
Iron supplements, bismuth
subsalicylate (Kaopectate, Pepto-
Bismol), black licorice.
Bright red
Bleeding in the lower intestinal
tract, such as the large intestine
or rectum, often from
hemorrhoids.
Red food coloring, beets,
cranberries, tomato juice or soup,
red gelatin or drink mixes.
Smell
Normal smell feces caused by in dole,
scatol and butyric acid. The smell was a
stench of decay occurs when the
intestinal contents, which are proteins
that are not digested and Destroy by
germs. Reaction feces into such decay
leachate.
Consistency
Normal feces to have a rather soft with. At the
diarrhea becomes very soft consistency or liquid,
while the opposite on hard fecess constipation in
carbon hydrate fermentation in the gut produce
soft fecess and mixed gases (CO
2
).

Mucus
The presence of mucus means of stimulation or intestinal
inflammation ding - ding. If it was just mucus in the feces
can be on the outside, it may be irritable bowel localization
great: when mixed with feces likely small intestine. In
dysentery, intussusception and ileocilitis may be mucus in
the feces without. If mucus contain pus leukocytes occurs.

Blood
Consider what it is fresh blood (pink), brown or black, and
whether mixed diffuse or just on the outside of feces only.
The more proximal bleeding, the blood mingled with the
color was Black feces and more. A large amount of blood
may be caused by ulcers, varies in the esophagus or
hemorrhoid.

Analysis microscopic of feces
No Type examination The objective examination
1.
Parasite examination (taken fresh
feces on the existing blood or
mucus)
To see where the parasite (eggs) from worms
and amoebae
2. The rest of the food
Look at the process of digestion
Impaired proteolysis (there ismuscle fibers
or striped)
Absorption disorders (ex : fats, proteins,
etc.)
3 Celluler
Epithelial cells : mucosal irritation
Leococytes: intestinal inflammatory
process
Erythrocytes: intestinal bleeding
Making Preparation
a small amount of feces or material will be examined placed
above the glass object, when very solid feces can be added a little
water then covered with glass deck, for two or more preparations.
The preparation should be thin, so that the elements can be
clearly seen and known; though so it will always be found the
elements that have broken so that identification is no longer
possible.

To search for protozoa is often used as a 1-2%
solution of eosin feces diluent or Lugol's solution
also 1-2 %.
In addition 10 % acetate acid solution is used to
see more clearly leukocytes, whereas to see other
elements 0.9 % saline solution that should be used
for routine examination.

Examination
Epithelial Cells
Some of the epithelial cells, which are derived from the
distal bowel wall, can be found in the normal state. If
epithelial cells derived from the more proximal part, the
cells were partially or completely broken. The number of
epithelial cells multiplies when there is stimulation or
inflammation of the intestinal wall.
Macrophages
Large nucleated cells have the phagocytosis; plasma is
often seen in other cells (leucocyte, erythrocytes) or other
objects. In preparations of native cells that resemble
amoeba; difference is that these cells cant move.

Next...
Leukocytes
More clearly seen if the feces is mixed with a few drops of 10
% acetate acid solution. If only seen a few in the entire
preparation, no meaning. In dysentery bacillary, colitis and
inflammatory ulcerous others, the numbers become large.
Erythrocytes
Only seen if the lesion has localization colon, rectum, or anus.
This opinion is always abnormal.
The crystals
In general, not much meaning. Whatever may be seen in
normal feces crystals triplee phosphate, calcium oxalate and
fatty acids? As abnormalities may be found Chaco - Leyden
crystal and hematoidin.


Leftover food
Almost all can be found as well, not an absence, but that in
certain circumstances the amount attributed to something that
abnormal waste food was mostly derived from the leaves of food
and some foods of animal origin, such as muscle fibers, fiber
elastic, etc. other.
For further isentifikasi feces emulsion mixed with lugol solution:
starch (Amylum) imperfect digest grains appear as blue or red.
Saturated solution of sudan sudan III or IV in 70% alcohol is also
used: neutral fat into tiny droplets of red or orange

Next...
Yeast Cells
Special glastocystis hominis is not uncommon to come by.
The importance of knowing the structure is lest amoebic
cysts.
eggs and larvae of worm
Ascaris lumbricoides, Necator americanus, Enterobius
vermicularis. Trichiusus trichiura, Estrongyloides strcoralis,
and others; well which includes the genus cestodas and
trematodas probably be

Next...
Direct fecal film for microscopic
examination of protozoa, eggs, and larvae.

Making smear:
Place a drop of saline on one half of a microscope slide,
and a drop of iodine solution on the other half.
With an applicator stick, select a small sample of feces,
carefully avoiding non-fecal elements.
Stir the feces into the drop of saline, making an even
suspension. Remove coarse fibers, seeds, sand etc., from
the fecal emulsion.
With the same applicator stick, transfer a comparable
amount of feces to the drop of iodine solution. Stir and
screen out coarse material.
Cover each drop of fecal emulsion with a cover glass.
Examine both preparations
microscopically.
The smears should first be examined methodically under low
power. Helminthes eggs can be detected and usually identified
under the low power magnifications, but high power
magnifications may be necessary in some cases.
After looking through the preparations under low power scan a
portion of the slide under high power and search for small
protozoa that have been missed under low power.
Picture of Analysis Microscopic
Blood Vague
Tests on blood vague important to know the
existence of small bleeding that cannot be
macroscopically expressed or microscopy. Many of
the test procedures used all have limitations there are
very sensitive no less sensitive and always
nonspecific. The most commonly used guaiac test
which has a small false reaction.
Procedure
Make small smear with one drop of feces on the
paper - filter paper further given by 1 drop guaiac
solution , 1 drop of glacial acetat acid and 1 drop
of hydrogen peroxide, a positive test within 30
seconds when it arises blue or dark green, or other
colors when incurred arising after 30 seconds is
expressed negative reactions.

The end
Thanks for your attention
By group 5