Ministry Of Higher Education

N.C.A
FUNDAMENTAL OF PRESTRESSED CONCRETE
Eng/Ahmed esa
INTRODUCTON
Historical development of prestressing :
Prestressed concrete is not a new concept, the first attempt to
develop a prestressing system was in 1872 by P.H. Jackson an
American engineer .



Today prestressed concrete is used in large constructions around
the world
Concept of prestressed concrete :
Advantages of prestressed concrete :
1. Reduces the concrete section dimensions.
2. Prevent or reduce tension cracks in concrete elements.
3. Increase durability of concrete elements.
4. Protect steel in concrete elements from corrosion.
5. Reduces deflection in concrete elements.
6. High resistance against dynamic loads.

Disadvantage of prestressed concrete
1. High costs of materials and equipments .



2. The lack of experience in design and construction of prestressed
concrete.

Economics of prestressed concrete:

the depth of a prestressed concrete member is usually about 65 to 80
percent of the depth of the equivalent reinforced concrete member .

the prestressed member requires about 20 to 35 percent of the amount of
reinforcement of equivalent reinforced concrete member.

Higher quality materials needed in prestressed concrete result in higher
costs .

Prestressing operations themselves result in added cost.

The total initial cost depends on the number of units made .

The long term cost savings are the most effective in prestressed
concrete.
Materials of prestressed concrete:
Concrete :
The most important properties required in prestressed
concrete :

high compressive and tensile strength.

early high strength

high density.

Small permanent deformations (shrinkage & creep)
Cement :
Cement used is High grade Portland cement.
High alkali content cement must be avoided.



Aggregates:
Aggregate shall be supplied from controlled and approved sources.
Samples must be subjected to specified tests.
Admixtures:
Its used if needed to :
Accelerate hardening .
Minimize water content .
Pre-stressing reinforcement:
The steel used in prestressing is high tensile steel which have much
greater tensile strength and tensile strain than mild steel used in
reinforcement concrete
stress-strain diagram for pre-stressing steel strands
In comparison mild steel bar steel
stress-strain diagram for pre-stressing steel
Prestressing cables (tendons):
Prestressing cables could take many shapes :
Wires
bars
strands
Different types of prestressing cables
Types of anchors:
pre-stressed systems:
The main classification of prestressed concrete is pretensioned & post
tensioned concrete. Other classifications can Be made according to
particular attributes:
External pre-stressing:
In external prestressing tendons are placed outside the concrete
member.
example of external pre-stressed to
Strengthen an old bridge
Circular pre-stressing:
The term circular pre-stress applies to pipes, pressure vessels and
tanks .
Types of prestressing
Pre-tensioning:
In pretensioning The tendons are tensioned before the pouring of
concrete .
Typical pre-tensioning bed and abutments showing
beams with straight tendons
Post-tensioning
In post tensioning the tendons are tensioned after the pouring of
concrete.
SLAB CONFIGURATION


From the structural design point of view, floors are
classified according to their internal structural system,
such as:

one- or two-way spanning
Solid or ribbed
Which elements are post-tensioned?

PRESTRESS LOSSES
We can categorized this losses as following:
Immediate losses (short term)
which occur during the stressing operation


Time dependent loses (long term )
which occur at a gradually decreasing rate over the life of the member
Long term
losses
relaxation of
steel
shrinkage of
concrete
creep of
concrete
Immediate
losses
friction loss
Anchorage
seating
losses
elastic
shortening
of concrete
Elastic shortening of concrete:
For Pretensioned Elements
How to calculate this loss?

cs c c i s Es s pES
nf E A P E E f = = = A / c
For post-tensioned
There is new losses in case of all tendons are simultaneously
tensioned or there is a single tendon

the tendon that was tensioned last does not suffer any losses
due to elastic shortening, while the tendon that was tensioned
first suffers the maximum amount of loss.

How to calculate this loss?

cs pES
nf f 5 . 0 = A
Friction losses:
Loss of prestressing occurs in post-tensioning members due to
friction between the tendons and the surrounding concrete ducts
causes a gradual reduction in prestress along tendon from jacking
end
The magnitude of this loss is a function of the tendon form or
alignment, called the curvature effect and the local deviations in the
alignment, called the wobble effect
Anchorage seating Loss
How to calculate this loss ?

L E f
PS A pA
/ A = A
Creep loss
How to calculate this loss ?
) (
csd cs CR PCR
f f
E
E
K f
C
PS
= A
) (
csd cs CR PCR
f f nK f = A
Shrinkage loss:

The magnitude of the shrinkage of concrete is affected by
several factors:
1. type of aggregate
2. type of cement
3. time between the end of external curing and the application of
prestressing,
4. Size and shape of the member
How to calculate this loss ?
) 015 . 0 5 . 1 )( / 06 . 0 1 ( 10 2 . 8
6
RH S V E K f
PS SH PSH
= A

Relaxation of tendon loss:
Relaxation is defined as gradual decrease of stress in a material
under constant strain

The magnitude of the decrease in the prestress depends on the
duration of the sustained prestressing force and on the ratio of the
initial prestress to the yield strength of the reinforcement (pi/py ) .
How to calculate this loss ?
) 55 . 0 / (
10
log log
1 2 `
= A

py pi pi PR
f f
t t
f f
) 55 . 0 / (
10
log
`
= A
py pi pi PR
f f
t
f f
BEHAVIOR OF PRESTRESSED COCNCRETE
UNDER FLEXURE
Flexural analysis of prestressed concrete :
typical load-deflection curve of a prestressed beam (under reinforced; bonded
tendons; first loading).
effect of bonded versus unbonded tendons on load-
deflection curve
Flexural types of failures:
1. Fracture of the steel immediately after concrete cracking and thus
sudden failure





Crushing of the concrete compressive -zone, preceded by
yielding and plastic extension of the steel
Crushing of the concrete compressive zone before yielding of the steel
Minimum Reinforcement Ratio:
where fy is in pounds per square inch min = 200/fy
min = 1.4/fy Using megapascals
Maximum Reinforcement Ratio:
y y
c
y cu
cu
y
c
b
f
f
f
f
c
|
c c
c
|
+
=
+
=
003 . 0
003 . 0
85 . 0 85 . 0
'
1
'
1
Where:
( ) psi f f
psi f
psi f
c c
c
c
8000 4000 4000 10 5 85 . 0
8000 65 . 0
4000 85 . 0
' ' 5
1
'
1
'
1
s s =
s =
s =

|
|
|
Shear strength design
Different between The behavior of prestressed concrete
beams at failure in shear from their behavior in flexure:
1. They fail abruptly without sufficient advance warning.




2. The diagonal cracks that develop are considerably wider than the
flexural cracks .



3. The shear forces result in shear stress this stress can result in
principal tensile stresses at the critical section.

Modes of failure of beams without diagonal
tension reinforcement
Flexure failure .
Diagonal Tension Failure (Flexure Shear)
Shear Compression Failure (Web Shear)
SHEAR REINFORCEMENT AFTER
CRACKING
y
s w
v
f
s v b
A =

ACI CODE DESIGN CRITERIA FOR SHEAR
p w
n
u
d b
V
v =
s c n
v v v + =
n u
v v | s
Shear Strength Provided by Concrete
p w u
cr u
p w
G
c ci
d b M
M V
d b
V
f v
1
) ( 6 . 0
`
A
A A
+ + =
p w
p
c c cw
d b
V
f f v + + = 3 . 0 5 . 3
`
The smaller of them
u
p u
c c
M
d V
f v 700 6 . 0
`
+ =
Another equation by ACI
Required Area of Shear Reinforcement
) (
c
u
s
v
v
v =
|
p y
c u
y
w c u
v
d f
s V V
f
s b v v
A
) / ( ) / (
=

=
| |
Limitations and Special Cases
1. Maximum spacing. The spacing s of shear reinforcement
measured parallel to the axis of the member shall not exceed 3h/4
or 24 in (61 cm). In common practice the spacing is taken not less
than 3 in (75 mm)

2. Maximum shear. The value of shall not exceed


3. Minimum shear reinforcement

`
8
c
f
w
p
p y
pu ps
v
b
d
d
s
f
f A
A
80
) (
min
=
Critical Sections for Shear
Comparison between Codes
General considerations:
ACI code :

The design investigation should include all stages that may be significant.
The three major stages are:
(1)-jacking stage
(2)-Service load stage
(3)-The factor load stage.

provisions shall be made for effects on adjoining construction of
elastic and plastic deformations, deflection, change of length and
rotation due to prestressing. Effects of temperature and shrinkage
shall also be included.

The possibility of buckling in a member between points where there
is intermittent contact between the prestressing steel and an
oversize duct, and buckling in thin web and flanges shall be
considered.
Egyptian code:
The prestressing members shall be designed to strengthen the load and the
actions that act on it and must be investigation the conditions of case of the
maximum strength and the conditions of cases of working.

The prestressing members shall be designed with effects of joining
members.
Euro code:
The prestressed forces are permanent effects due to controlled forces and
controlled deformations imposed on a structure. Various types of prestresse
shall be distinguished from each other as relevant (for ex: prestressed by
tendon, prestressed imposed deformation at supports.

For lightweight aggregate concrete, the prestress losses will, in general, be
greater than those for dense aggregate concrete.
Design assumptions:
ACI code:
The strength of a member computed by the strength design of the code
requires that two basic condition be satisfied:-
(1)-static equilibrium and (2)-compatibility of strains. Equilibrium between the
compressive and tensile forces acting on the cross sections at nominal strength
should be satisfied.

The maximum concrete compressive strain at crushing of concrete has been
observed in tests of various kinds to vary from 0.003 to higher than 0.008 under
special condition.

Prestressed flexural member shall be classified as class U, class C, or class T
based on (Ft). The computed extreme fiber stress in tension in the pre-
compressed tensile zone calculated at service loads, as follows:-

(a)-Class U:

(b) Class T:

(c) Class C:
`
5 . 7
c t
f f s
` `
12 5 . 7
c t c
f f f s <
`
12
c t
f f >
Prestressed two-way slab systems shall be designed as class U with
For class C and class T flexural members deflection calculations
shall be based on a cracking transformed section analysis. It shall
be permitted to base computations on a bilinear moment-deflection
relationship.

Egyptian code:
The prestressed concrete designed to satisfied the loads acting on it
according to design cases and the kind of effects that affect on
members and take factors of reduces maximum strength (ps).
`
6
c t
f f s
5 . 1
3
/
6
7
5 . 1 >
(

=
t e
pc

15 . 1
3
/
6
7
15 . 1 >
(

=
t e
ps

The relation between the maximum stress Fpu and the yield stress Fpy
for prestressed concrete according to the kind of steel:

Fpy/Fpu=0.8 for deformed bars

Fpy/Fpu=0.85 for normal relaxation stress- relieved strands, wires and
smooth bars.

Fpy/Fpu=0.9 for low relaxation stress-relieve strands and wires
the methods of elastic analysis can be used to Sure from the stresses
when transfer the prestresse to concrete and when the external load
act on the concrete and when the concrete relieve to cracking load.

Immediate deflection and camber for fully prestressed beams
calculated as the elastic theory with taken Ig.
The value of deformation must be not exceed on:

L/250 for the beams and one-way slabs
L/450 for the cantilevers.
Euro code :
In the assessment of the likely behavior of the prestressed concrete
structure or element, the amount of flexural tensile stress allowed
under service load defines its class as follows:-

Class (1):- No flexural tensile stresses.

Class (2);- flexural tensile stresses but no visible cracking

Class (3):- flexural tensile stresses but surface width of
cracks not exceeding 0.2 mm for all members
Serviceability requirements flexural members:
(a)-Extreme fiber stress in compression:-
- 0.6Fci' in ACI code.
- 0.45 Fcui in Egyptian code.
(b)-Extreme fiber stress in tension except as permitted in (c):-
- 3Fci' in ACI code.
- 0.22Fcui in Egyptian code.
(c)-Extreme fiber stress in tension at ends of simply support members:-

- 6Fci' in ACI code.
- 0.44Fcui in Egyptian code.
Euro code:-
-In flexural members compressive stresses should not exceed 0.33
Fcu at the extreme fiber, except in continuous beams and other
statically indeterminate structures where they may be increased to
0.4 Fcu within the rang of support moments. In direct compression
the stress should not exceed 0.25 Fcu.
Permissible stresses in prestressing steel:
Tensile stress in prestressing steel shall not exceed the following :-
(a)-Due to prestressing steel jacking force :-
- 0.94Fpy0.8Fpu in ACI code.
- 0.9Fpy 0.7Fpu in Egyptian code.
(b)-Immediately after prestress transfer :-
- 0.82Fpy 0.74Fpu in ACI code.
-0.7Fpu in Egyptian code.
(c)-post-tensioning tendons, at anchorage devices and couplers,
immediately after force transfer:-
- 0.7Fpu in ACI code.
-0.8Fpy0.7Fpu in Egyptian code.
Euro code:
The jacking force should not normally exceed 75% of the characteristic
strength of the tendon but may be increased to 80% provided additional
consideration is given to safety and to the load/extension characteristics
of the tendon. At transfer, the initial prestress should not normally
exceed 70% of characteristics of the tendon, and in no case should it
exceed 75%.
Flexural strength:
For members with bonded tendons:-

ACI and Egyptian code
(
(

|
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
`
`
1
( 1 e e
|

p c
pu
p
p
pu ps
d
d
f
f
f f
In ACI code
- Where is y/c`, ` is `y/c`, and p is 0.55 for py/pu not
less than 0.8, 0.4 for py/pu not less than 0.85, and 0.28 for py/pu
not less than 0.9.
(
(

|
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
`
( 1 w w
d
d
f
f
f f
p cu
pu
p p pu ps
q
In Egyptian code
Where w is y/cu, w` is `y/cu, and p is 0.68 for py/pu not less than
0.8, 0.5 for py/pu not less than 0.85, and 0.35 for py/pu not less than 0.9.
ps = se + 10,000 + c`/100 p. In ACI code
But ps shall not be taken greater than the lesser of y and (se+60000)
(b)- For members with un-bonded tendons and with a span-to-
depth ratio of 35 or less:-
ps = pe + 70 + cu/125 p. In Egy. Code.
But ps shall not be taken greater than the lesser of y and (pe + 420).
In Euro code
For bonded tendons, values of ps may be obtained from table (4.4) in BS code.
- For un-bonded tendons, values of ps may be obtained from following eq:-
- ps = pe + 7000/l/d(1- 1.7 pu.Aps/ cu.b.d).
- The value of ps should not be taken as greater than 0.7 pu.
Minimum bonded of reinforcement:
ACI and Egyptian code :
Minimum area of bonded reinforcement shall be computed by:
- As= 0.004Act.
Total amount of prestressed and non prestressed reinforcement shall be
adequate to develop a factored load at least 1.2 times the cracking load
computed on the bases of the modulus of rupture r, this provision shall be
permitted to be waived for:-
(a)- Two way, un-bonded post-tensioned slabs.
(b)- Flexural members with shear and flexural strength at least twice
that required by computations.
In Euro code :
In the absence of a rigorous analysis, the area of reinforcement (As)
may be replaced by an equivalent area of prestressing tendons
As* fy/fu
The length of bonded and transferred of
prestressed steel:-
ACI code :
-Minimum length of bonded reinforcement required by the equations
of calculates (As).
-In positive moment areas, minimum length bonded reinforcement
shall be one-third the clear span length (ln) and centered in positive
moment area.
-In negative moment areas, bonded reinforcement shall extend one-
sixth the clear span (ln) on each side of support.
Egyptian code:
-For the 3 to 7 wire pre-stressing strands (Ld) taken as following equation:
- Ld = Lt + La = ( ps 2/3.pe)./7.
-Where Lt is the transfer length and it is calculated by following equation:
- Lt = (pe /3)./7.
- And La is the length after critical section and calculated by:
- La = (ps pe)./7.
-Where is diameter of tendon by units mm
Euro code:
For calculating the transmission length Lt in the absence of experimental
evidence, the following equation may be used for initial prestressing
forces up to 75% of the characteristic strength of the tendon when the
end of the units are fully compacted:
- Lt = Kt./ci
Where:-
- ci. Is the concrete strength at transfer.
- is the nominal diameter of the tendon.
- Kt is a coefficient for the type of the tendon.