When the variables of interest are

measured in an ordinal scale, the

spearman rank correlation coefficient
(r
s
) maybe used instead of the Pearson
r. To obtain the Spearman r
s
, apply the
following steps summarized as follows:
STEP 1. Rank the scores in
distribution X giving the lowest a
rank of 1 and the highest a rank
of n. Repeat the process for the
scores in distribution Y.
STEP 2. Obtain the difference
(d
i
) between the two sets of
ranks.
STEP 3. Square each
difference and then take the
sum of the squared d
i

STEP 4. Complete the formula
STEP 5. If the proportion of tries in
either X or the Y observations is
large, use the formula.
*optional
where:




t
x
= number of observations in X tied at a
given rank
t
y
= number of observations in Y tied at a
given rank

STEP 6. To test whether the observed r
s

value indicates an association between
variables , the following maybe applied:
For n from 4 to 30, critical values of r
s
for .05
and .01 level of significance are shown in
the table.
For n>30, significance of the observed r
s

under the null hypothesis can be
determined using the t-test using the
formula:





The sampling distribution of the test
is the student t distribution with n-2
degrees of freedom.
Math Rank X Stat Rank Y d
i
d
i
2

1 18 7 24 4 3 9
2 17 6 28 6 0 0
3 14 5 30 7 -2 4
4 13 4 26 5 -1 1
5 12 3 22 3 0 0
6 10 2 18 2 0 0
7 8 1 15 1 0 0
COMPUTATION FORMAT:


This test of significance of the null
hypothesis using the computed r
s
in the
example above is:
H
0
: r=0(There is no relationship between
math scores and statistics scores of
students)
H
a
: r 0(There is significant relationship
between math scores and statistics scores
of students)
At = .05 the tabular t is t
/2.(n-2)
=t
.025.5
=2.571
=
.75 (7 2)
1 (.75)
2
=
1.67705
0.66144
= 2.54
Decision: The null hypothesis is accepted
because the computed t-value is less than
the tabular value.
Conclusion: The math scores is not
significantly correlated to the statistics
scores obtained by students.
The use of Correlation Rho Formula

E=
N
i
y
i
2
Ny
2

y
2
Ny
2

Where:
N
i
= number of sample
per category
y
i
= average obtained
per category
N = total no. of
samples
y

= over-all average
y = individual item

y
2
Let us measure the
degree of relationship
between the civil status
and the anual salary of
the given samples.

Single 65 83 81 69 73 89 76 60
Married 70 67 90 84 78
Widowed 89 64 78
N
1
= 8 y
1
= 596/ 8 = 74.5
N
2
= 5 y
2
= 389/5= 77.8
N
3
= 3
y
3
= 231/3= 77
N

= 16 y

= 1216/16 =76.0
y
2
= (65)
2
+ (83)
2
+ (81)
2
+ ... + (89)
2
+
(64)
2
+ (78)
2
= 93,792

[8(74.5)
2
+ 5(77.8)
2
+ 3(77)2]
16(76)
2


E
2

=
93,792 16(76)
2

E
2

=
0.03
There is a very small
positive relationship
between the civil status
and the annual salary of
the given samples
Let us measure the
degree of relationship
between the subjects
and the scores of the
given samples.

Science 15 20 9 3 12 16
Math 5 5 14 6
English 23 13 12
N
1
= 6 y
1
= 75/ 6 = 12.5
N
2
= 4 y
2
= 30/4= 7.5
N
3
= 3
y
3
= 48/3= 16
N

= 13 y

= 153/13 =11.77
y
2
= (15)
2
+ (20)
2
+ (9)
2
+ ... + (23)
2
+
(13)
2
+ (12)
2
= 2239

[6(12.5)
2
+ 4(7.5)
2
+ 3(16)
2
]
13(11.77)
2


E
2

=
2239 13(11.77)
2

E
2
=0.3
There is a very small
positive relationship
between the subjects
and the scores
Let us measure the degree
of relationship between the
performance rank obtained
by the trainees during the
first and second evaluation
period.
Student Trainee
Rank During 1st
Evaluation
Rank During 2nd
Evaluation
A 8 7
B 2 5
C 7 10
D 1 4
E 4 2
F 9 6
G 3 1
H 6 9
I 10 8
J 5 3
Student
Trainee
Rank During 1st
Evaluation
Rank During
2nd Evaluation
D D
2

A 8 7 1 1
B 2 5 -3 9
C 7 10 -3 9
D 1 4 -3 9
E 4 2 2 4
F 9 6 3 9
G 3 1 2 4
H 6 9 -3 9
I 10 8 2 4
J 5 3 2 4
D
2
= 62

=
1-
6(62)
10(10
2
-
=
1-
372
10(10
2
-1)
= 0.62
1)

CREDITS TO: Ian Estrada
Reported by: Christen Diana Gallinera
Jocelle Mella