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Mechanical Engineering

Technical English


ISEL



Engine Size

Engine
Operation

Engine
Components







2007/2008 B. Sher
2011/2012










Mechanical Engineering
Technical English


ISEL



Engine Size

Engine
Operation

Engine
Components







2007/2008 B. Sher
2011/2012
Engine Size and Performance
THE ENGINE
Piston Stroke
In a petrol engine the movement of the
pistons between the top and the bottom of
the cylinder is termed the piston stroke.

The highest position of the piston is
called the Top Dead Centre position
(TDC).

The lowest position of the piston is called
the Bottom Dead Centre position (BDC).
Engine Size
Mechanical Engineering
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Engine Size

Engine
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2007/2008 B. Sher
2011/2012
Operation of a Four Stroke Engine
THE ENGINE
Admission Compression Power Exhaust
An engine produces power by burning fuel and air.
Engine
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Mechanical Engineering
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2007/2008 B. Sher
2011/2012
Operation of a Four Stroke Petrol Engine
THE ENGINE
The cycle begins when the piston is at top dead centre position (TDC) i.e. furthest away from the
crankshaft. There are 4 strokes of the piston per cycle.

Admission stroke - The 1st stroke of a 4-stroke engine is called Admission or Induction stroke.
The crankshaft rotates. This makes the piston move down in the cylinder creating a vacuum between
the cylinder and intake manifold. At the same time the camshaft above the valves rotates. This
makes the intake valve move downwards and open the inlet port. The vacuum created in the
cylinder causes the mixture of fuel and air to be drawn into the cylinder when the valve opens.

Compression stroke As the crankshaft rotates, it makes the piston move from the BDC to the
TDC position towards the valves. Simultaneously, the cam above the intake valve rotates and with
the help of a spring, the intake valve closes. Both the intake and exhaust valves are closed. The
mixture is compressed by the upward movement of the piston in the Compression stroke.
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2007/2008 B. Sher
2011/2012
Operation of a Four Stroke Petrol Engine
THE ENGINE

Power stroke or Ignition stroke Now the piston is once again at the TDC position and both
valves are closed. In this stroke the mixture of fuel and air is ignited by the spark plug and there is a
small explosion at the top of the cylinder. The mixture burns, expands very quickly and pushes the
piston down. The power stroke makes the crankshaft rotate providing torsion to drive the wheels of
the vehicle.

Exhaust stroke - As the crankshaft continues to rotate, it makes the piston move from BDC to
TDC position. At the same time, the cam above the exhaust valve pushes the valve downwards and
opens the exhaust port. The burned fuel and air are expelled from the cylinder by the piston. This is
termed the Exhaust stroke.

The cycle is repeated thousands of times per minute.
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2007/2008 B. Sher
2011/2012
Operation of a Four-Stroke Engine
A Inlet valve,
rocker & spring
E Coolant
H Oil sump
I Camshaft
J Exhaust valve,
rocker & spring
K Spark plug
M Piston pin
N Connecting rod
P - Crankshaft
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2007/2008 B. Sher
2011/2012
Engine Main Components: The crankshaft
THE ENGINE
Crankshaft
Main journals these
journals support the crankshaft
on the block.

Rod journals this is where
the connecting rods are
attached. They are offset from
the centre line.
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2007/2008 B. Sher
2011/2012
Engine Main Components:
The camshaft
THE ENGINE

The diameter of the camshaft
sprocket is double the diameter of the
crankshaft sprocket.

The speed of the camshaft is
therefore half the speed of the
crankshaft.

That is, it takes 2 rotations of the
crankshaft and 1 rotation of the
camshaft to complete one cycle (4
strokes).

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2007/2008 B. Sher
2011/2012
Engine Main Components:
The connecting rod, piston
and piston rings
THE ENGINE

3, 4 Rod
Bearings

6 Piston Pin

7 Piston

8, 9 & 10 Piston
Rings

11 Connecting
Rod (small end)


The small end of the
connecting rod connects
to the piston by means of
a pin.

The big end of the
connecting rod connects
to the crankshaft
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2007/2008 B. Sher
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Other Components
A cutaway view of an Overhead Camshaft engine using a Timing Belt and Sprockets.
THE ENGINE
Engine
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2007/2008 B. Sher
2011/2012
A MODERN TYPE OF ENGINE
Piston pin
Oil filter Sump
Crankshaft end
Connecting rod
Fan belt
Spark plug
Camshaft
Piston rings
Cam
Spring
Inlet manifold
Plug to
injection
system
Valve
Cylinder bore
Drivebelt
Engine
Components

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