AUTOMATIC TRANSMISSIONS

Sherief El Hadary ID:567

AUTOMATIC TRANSMISSION
Torque Converter
Hydraulic Control Unit
Planetary Gear Unit
TORQUE CONVERTER -
PURPOSE
The purposes of the
torque converter are
to:
Transmit engine torque
into the transmission
Multiply engine torque
Dampen engine
pulsations
Provide flywheel mass

Torque converter
TORQUE CONVERTOR
CONSTRUCTION
TORQUE CONVERTOR
OPERATION
STATOR OPERATION
The purpose of the
stator is to re-direct
fluid flow to assist
engine rotation
during the
multiplication phase
The stator must not
interfere with the
fluid flow during the
coupling phase
ONE WAY CLUTCH
SPEED RATIO
Speed ratio is the comparison of pump
and impeller speeds expressed as a
percent.

Speed ratio = pump speedturbine speed X 100
TORQUE MULTIPLICATION
Torque multiplication occurs at speed
ratios lower than 90%

Torque multiplication is highest when
the torque converter is at STALL
STALL SPEED
The torque converter is at stall when:
The turbine is stationary
The pump is turning at maximum RPM
COUPLING POINT
The coupling point occurs at a speed
ratio of approximately 90%
Torque multiplication is no longer provided
VORTEX FLOW
Vortex flow is a
spiraling or rolling
flow of fluid in a
torque converter
when the speed
ratio is very low
(during torque
multiplication)
ROTARY FLOW
Rotary flow
occurs in a torque
converter at high
speed ratios the
fluid is simply
carried along with
the pump and
turbine vanes
LOCK UP TORQUE
CONVERTERS
In order to
increase efficiency
a hydraulically
applied clutch
locks the turbine
to the pump case
under certain
conditions to
remove slipping

PLANETARY GEARS -
PURPOSE
The planetary gear
unit provides:
A path for engine
power to get to the
drive shaft / final
drive
A way of changing
torque, speed, and
direction of the
engine power
Planetary Gear Unit
GEAR RATIO
Gear ratio is the comparison of input
gear revolutions to achieve one output
revolution
Driven gear teeth / Drive gear teeth
GEAR REDUCTION
Gear reduction provides greater output
torque at reduced output speed
Gear reduction is achieved by having a
small gear drive a large gear
DIRECT DRIVE
Direct drive is a gear ratio which results
in transmission of input torque and
speed to the output shaft without
affecting the torque and speed
Direct drive is achieved with two
equally sized gears
OVERDRIVE
Overdrive is a gear ratio which provides
reduced output torque at a greater
output speed
Overdrive is achieved by having a
larger gear driving a smaller gear
PLANETARY GEAR SETS
Planetary gear sets are used to
provide:
Park & Neutral
Gear reduction
Direct drive
Overdrive
Reverse
PLANETARY GEARS
PLANETARY OPERATION
In order for the planetary gear set to
transmit power, each of the three
members of the planetary gear set must
be perform one of three jobs:
Input
Output
Reaction
JOB DESCRIPTION
INPUT:
The input gear receives the engine power
OUTPUT
The output gear provides drive force to the
drive shaft or final drive
REACTION
The reaction member must be HELD and
prevented from moving
PARK / NEUTRAL
Park and neutral can be achieved by:
Disconnecting the input member
Disconnecting the reaction member
GEAR REDUCTION - #1
In this case:
The smallest gear
drives
The middle sized
gear is held
The largest gear (the
carrier) is driven
Result: Maximum
gear reduction
GEAR REDUCTION - #2
In this case:
The middle sized
gear drives
The smallest gear is
held
The largest gear is
driven
RESULT:
Gear reduction
DIRECT DRIVE
If any two members
are locked together
(both providing
input) direct drive
occurs.
OVERDRIVE
When the carrier
drives either other
gear OVERDRIVE
occurs
REVERSE
Reverse will only
occur if the carrier is
held
The sun gear drives
The ring gear is
driven
REVERSE OVERDRIVE
If the ring gear was to drive the sun
gear while holding the carrier, reverse
would occur in an overdrive ratio
SIMPSON GEAR SETS
Simpson gear sets
use a common sun,
two carriers, and
two ring gears
The sun, ring, and
pinions are the same
size
RAVIGNEAU GEAR SETS
Ravigneau gear sets
use:
Two sun gears
(different sizes)
Two sets of pinion
gears
One ring gear
RAVIGNEAU GEAR SETS
ACTUATORS
Actuators are used to connect members
of the planetary gear set to the:
Input shaft
Output shaft
Transmission case
ACTUATOR TYPES
The actuators used in automatic
transmissions can be:
Driving devices
Brake devices
DRIVE DEVICES
Driving devices are multiple disc wet
clutch packs
Attach input shafts to planetary gear
set members
CLUTCH PACKS
HOLDING DEVICES
Holding devices are used to control the
reaction member of a planetary gear set
Holding devices can be:
Multiple disc wet clutches
Brake bands
One way clutches
Roller
Sprag
CLUTCHES AS BRAKES
Clutches used as
brakes are identical
in construction to
clutches used as
driving devices
except the steels are
splined to the
transmission
housing or case
BRAKE BANDS
Band brakes use a servo piston to
apply the band around the outside of a
drum
BRAKE BAND
BRAKE BAND TYPES
Brake bands may be:
Single wrap
Double wrap
Double Wrap
Single Wrap (light)
Single Wrap (heavy)
HYDRAULIC CONTROL UNIT
The hydraulic control
section of the
transmission uses
hydraulic pressures to
control and perform
shifting of the
transmission gears Hydraulic Control Unit
PUMP TYPES
Transmission pumps may be:
Gear and crescent
Vane
Variable displacement vane
GEAR
VANE
VARIABLE DISPLACEMENT

VALVES
There are two main types of valves
used in automatic transmissions:
Pressure regulating or modulating valves
Relay valves
PRESSURE REGULATION
Pressure regulation is used to:
Limit the oil pressure in the transmission
Control shifting
In addition to primary regulation, some
transmissions use a blow off valve to
prevent overpressure

MAIN LINE PRESSURE
The first pressure developed in the
transmission is called MAIN LINE
PRESSURE
It is controlled by the opening point of the
pressure regulator valve
All other transmission pressures are
derived from main line pressure
All hydraulic devices are operated on main
line pressure
MAIN LINE REGULATION
BOOST PRESSURE
Under certain circumstances, mainline
pressure must be increased to increase
the holding pressure of the hydraulic
devices
High torque
Reverse
Low gear
High load
Heavy throttle demand
DECISION PRESSURE
In order to decide
what gear to be in
the transmission
must look at road
speed and engine
load just like the
driver of a manual
transmission
ROAD
SPEED
ENGINE
LOAD
ENGINE LOAD
Engine load can be determined by
either:
Throttle Pressure
Modulator Pressure
THROTTLE PRESSURE
Throttle pressure is:
A common means of indicating engine load
and driver demands
Derived from main line pressure
Controlled by the throttle valve, which is
directly linked to the throttle plate (engine
intake)
THROTTLE VALVE
GOVERNOR PRESSURE
Governor pressure is:
Used as an indication or road speed
Developed from main line pressure
Controlled by the governor valve
GOVERNOR VALVE TYPES
The three main types of governor
valves are:
Spool valve
Ball bearing
Shaft mounted
SPOOL GOVERNORS
BALL GOVERNORS
ACCUMULATORS
The purpose of accumulators is to
cushion the shift feel to increase
customer satisfaction
ACCUMULATOR TYPES
Accumulators can be:
Independent
Integral
Valve type
Restrictions (fixed orifices) can also be
used to increase shift feel