FOUR-STROKE ,FOUR

CYLINDER DIESEL
ENGINE
BY
Shubham Kulshrestha
Atul Yadav
Irfan Khan
The Basics
A diesel engine (also known as a compression-
ignition engine) is an internal combustion
engine that uses the heat of compression to
initiate ignition to burn the fuel, which is injected
into the combustion chamber. The engine was
developed by Rudolf Diesel in 1893.
Diesel engines are manufactured in two stroke
and four stroke versions. They were originally
used as a more efficient replacement for
stationary steam engines.

Largest Diesel Engine in the World
The Wartsila-Sulzer RTA96-C Turbocharged
Two-Stroke Diesel Engine
-Total engine
weight: 2300
tons (The
crankshaft alone
weighs 300 tons.)
- Maximum power:
108,920 hp at 102
rpm
Working of a Diesel Engine
In the diesel engine, only air is initially introduced into the
combustion chamber. The air is then compressed with a
compression ratio typically between 15:1 and 22:1
resulting in 40-bar (4.0 MPa;) pressure compared to 8 to
14 bars (0.80 to 1.4 MPa) (about 200 psi) in the petrol
engine.
This high compression heats the air to 550 C . At about
the top of the compression stroke, fuel is injected directly
into the compressed air in the combustion chamber. This
may be into a void in the top of the piston or a pre-
chamber depending upon the design of the engine.

-The fuel injector ensures that the fuel is broken down into small
droplets, and that the fuel is distributed evenly. The heat of the
compressed air vaporizes fuel from the surface of the droplets.
The vapour is then ignited by the heat from the compressed air
in the combustion chamber, the droplets continue to vaporise
from their surfaces and burn, getting smaller, until all the fuel in
the droplets has been burnt. The start of vaporisation causes a
delay period during ignition and the characteristic diesel
knocking sound as the vapour reaches ignition temperature and
causes an abrupt increase in pressure above the piston.

-The rapid expansion of combustion gases then drives the piston
downward, supplying power to the crankshaft
4 Stroke in Diesel Engine
Intake Stroke:
Piston moves from TDC to BDC
creating vacuum in the cylinder
Intake valve opens allowing
only air to enter the cylinder
and exhaust valve remains
closed
Both valves stay closed
Piston moves from BDC to TDC,
compressing air to 22:1
Compressing the air to this increases
the temperature inside the cylinder
above 1000 degree F.
Power Stroke
Both valves stay closed
When the piston is at the end of
compression stroke(TDC) the injector
sprays a mist of diesel fuel into the
cylinder.
When hot air mixes with diesel fuel
an explosion takes place in the cylinder.
Expanding gases push the
piston from TDC to BDC
Piston moves from BDC to
TDC
Exhaust valve opens and the
exhaust gases escape
Intake valve remains closed
The Ideal Air Standard Diesel Cycle
Basic Components of Four-Stroke
Diesel Engines
Intake Valve
Valve Cover
Intake Port
Head
Coolant
Engine Block
Oil Pan
Oil Sump
Crankshaft
Camshaft
Exhaust Valve
Spark Plug
Exhaust Port
Piston
Connecting Rod
Rod Bearings
Cylinder block
Piston
Piston rings
Piston pin
Connecting rod
Crankshaft
Cylinder head
Intake valve
Exhaust valve
Camshaft
Timing gears
Fuel injection
equipment
Cylinder Block
Basic frame of engine.
Contains the cylinder.
Piston
A sliding plug that
harnesses the force of the
burning gases in the
cylinder
Piston Rings
The rings seal the compression
gases above the piston.
Piston Pins
Also known as the wrist pin, it
connects the piston to the small
end of the connecting rod.
It transfers the force and allows
the rod to swing back and forth.
Connecting Rod
Connects the piston and
piston pin to the
crankshaft.

Crankshaft
Along the the piston pin and
connecting rod it converts the
up and down motion
(reciprocating) of the engine to
spinning (rotary) motion.
Flywheel
Carries the inertia
when there is no
power stroke
Cylinder Head
Forms the top of the
combustion chamber.
Contains the valves, the
passageways for the fuel
mixture to move in and out of
the engine.
Intake and Exhaust valve
Doorway that lets the
gases in and out of
the engine.

Cam Shaft
Through the use of an
eccentric the cam lobes
push the valves open.
The valve springs close
them.
Timing Gears
These gears
drive the
camshaft from
the crankshaft.

Fuel Injection Equipment
To obtain small droplets that will evaporate quickly, the fuel
injector nozzle holes can be as small as 0.15 mm. To inject
sufficient fuel in the short time available, injection pressures
must be 1500 bar or higher. These high pressures also
ensure that the fuel jet disperses well within the combustion
chamber
Engine Related Terms
TDC (top dead center)
BDC (bottom dead center)
Stroke
Bore
Revolution
Compression Ratio
Displacement
Cycle
Direct and Indirect Injection Combustion
Chambers
Two types of combustion chambers are used in diesel
engines. These are direct injection (DI) and indirect
injection (IDI).
The IDI engine offers faster combustion and thus the
potential for higher engine speeds.
Injection System
Pump-Line-Injector (PLI) Systems
In-line fuel-injection pumps have one
pump element for each engine
cylinder. These are arranged in a row.
The camshaft of the in-line fuel-
injection pump is driven by the gear
wheels or chains of the combustion
engine
Electronic Unit Injectors (EUI)
In electronic unit injector (EUI) both the quantity and the timing of injection
are controlled electronically through a Colenoid actuator. The Colenoid is a
solenoid of patented construction that can respond very quickly (injection
periods are of the order 1 ms), to control very high injection pressures (up
to 1600 bar or so). The Colenoid controls a spill valve, which in turn
controls the injection process. The pumping element is operated directly
from a camshaft, and the whole assembly is contained within the cylinder
head.
Common Rail (CR) Fuel Injection Systems
The key element of CR fuel injection system is as follows
1.A controllable high pressure pump
2.A fuel rail with pressure sensor
3.Electronically controlled injectors
4.An engine management system
CR Fuel injection system
Advantage of Diesel Engine
They burn less fuel than a petrol engine performing the same work,
due to the engine's higher temperature of combustion and greater
expansion ratio.
Gasoline engines are typically 30 percent efficient while diesel
engines can convert over 45 percent of the fuel energy into
mechanical.
They have no high-tension electrical ignition system to attend to,
resulting in high reliability and easy adaptation to damp environments.
The absence of coils, spark plug wires, etc., also eliminates a source of
radio frequency emissions which can interfere with navigation and
communication equipment, which is especially important in marine
and aircraft applications.
The life of a diesel engine is generally about twice as long as that of a
petrol engine due to the increased strength of parts used. Diesel fuel
has better lubrication properties than petrol as well.
Diesel fuel is distilled directly from petroleum. Distillation yields some
gasoline, but the yield would be inadequate without catalytic
reforming, which is a more costly process.

Diesel fuel is considered safer than petrol in many applications.
Although diesel fuel will burn in open air using a wick, it will not
explode and does not release a large amount of flammable vapor.
For any given partial load the fuel efficiency (mass burned per
energy produced) of a diesel engine remains nearly constant, as
opposed to petrol and turbine engines which use proportionally
more fuel with partial power outputs.
They generate less waste heat in cooling and exhaust.
Diesel engines can accept super- or turbo-charging pressure
without any natural limit, constrained only by the strength of engine
components. This is unlike petrol engines, which inevitably suffer
detonation at higher pressure.
The carbon monoxide content of the exhaust is minimal, therefore
diesel engines are used in underground mines
Biodiesel is an easily synthesized, non-petroleum-based fuel
(through transesterification) which can run directly in many diesel
engines, while gasoline engines either need adaptation to run
synthetic fuels or else use them as an additive to gasoline (e.g.,
ethanol added to gasohol).
(3D) Diesel Common Rail Turbo-Charged 4-Cyl. Engine -How It
Works-.mp4
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