GROUP 5

Grounded Theory & Phenomenology

Ahmad Faizul
Faezah Bahari
Khairul Ezani
Maziah
NurFauzuliyana
Siti Salina
Adapted from Jones, A. & Weas, L. (2009)
PHENOMENOLOGY
Adapted from Jones, A. & Weas, L. (2009)
DEFINITION OF PHENOMENOLOGY
Phenomenology is concerned with the study of
experience from the perspective of the
individual and usual ways of perceiving
(Dermot Moran,2000)

As (Giorgi,1999) points out,
phenomenography and phenomenology are
qualitative approach, sharing an interest in
experiences of phenomena
AT A GLANCE
Where as a narrative study reports the life of a
single individual, a phenomenological study
describes the meaning of several individuals of
their lived experience
Charisse Genevieve & Raph Julius
PHENOMENOLOGY
The study of the lived experience of persons
Experience is a conscious process
The development of essences of these
experiences (interpretations)
PHENOMENOLOGY METHODS
Interviews
Conversations
Participant Observation
Action Research
Focus Meetings
Analysis of personal text
METHODS
Purposive sampling (homogenous sample)
Research question
Sample/recruitment of participants
Data collection
-Semi structured, one-on-one interviews
PURPOSE OF PHENOMENOLOGY RESEARCH
Is to illuminate the specific, to identify phenomena through how
they are perceived by the actors in a situation.

In the human sphere this normally translates info gating deep
information and perceptions through inductive, qualitative methods
such as:
interviews,
discussions,
participant observations,

representing it from the perspective of the research participant(s).



PURPOSE OF PHENOMENOLOGY RESEARCH
Phenomenology is
concerned with the
study of experience
from the perspective of
the individual,
bracketing taken-for-
granted assumptions
and usual ways of
perceiving.
Phenomenology
approaches are based in
a paradigm of personal
knowledge and
subjectivity, and
emphasize the
importance of personal
perspective and
interpretation.
TYPES OF PHENOMENOLOGY
Types of
Phenomenology
Transcendental
constitutive
phenomenology
Naturalistic
constitutive
phenomenology
Existential
phenomenology
Generative
historicist
phenomenology
Genetic
phenomenology
Hermeneutical
phenomenology
Realistic
phenomenology

TYPES OF PHENOMENOLOGY


TRANSCENDENTAL CONSTITUTIVE
PHENOMENOLOGY
Studies how objects are
constituted in pure or
transcendental
consciousness, setting aside
questions of relation to the
natural world around us.

NATURALISTIC CONSTITUTIVE
PHENOMENOLOGY
How consciousness
constitutive or takes thing in
the world of nature,
assuming with the natural
attitude that consciousness
is part of nature.


EXISTENTIAL PHENOMENOLOGY

Studies concrete human
existence, including our
experience of free choice or
action in concrete situations.


GENERATIVE HISTORICIST PHENOMENOLOGY

Studies how meaning, as
found in our experience, is
generated in historical
processes of collective
experience over time.


GENETIC PHENOMENOLOGY

Studies the genesis of
meanings of things within
ones stream of experience.


HERMENEUTICAL PHENOMENOLOGY

Studies interpretive
structures of experience,
how we understand and
engage things around us in
our human world, including
ourselves and others.



REALISTIC PHENOMENOLOGY

Studies the structure of consciousness and intentionality,
assuming it occurs in a real world that is largely external to
consciousness and not somehow brought into being by
consciousness.
CHARACTERISTICS OF PHENOMENOLOGY
1.Emphasize a focus on peoples
subjective experiences and
interpretations of the world
2.Sometimes considered a school of
thought or philosophical perspective.
3. To understand hour the world
appears to others.
4.Analysis of experience.
RESEARCH TOOL
Interview & Multiple Interview
Observation
Oral
Written
Journals
Music
Poetry
CHALLENGE OF PHENOMENOLOGY
Bracketing personal experiences
maybe difficult for researcher to
implement (The researcher to
become a separate from the text)
The participants in the study need
to be carefully chosen to be
individuals who have all
experienced the phenomenon in
question.
GROUNDED THEORY
Adapted from Jones, A. & Weas, L. (2009)
History of The Theory?

Grounded Theory: A specific methodology
developed by Glaser and Strauss (1967) for
the purpose of building theory from data. In
their book the term grounded theory is used
in the sense to denote theoretical constructs
derived form qualitative analysis of data.

(Corbin & Strauss, 2008)
What is Grounded Theory?

The aim of grounded theory is:

to generate or discover a theory
(Glaser and Strauss, 1967)

Grounded theory may be defined as:

the discovery of theory from data systematically
obtained from social research (Glaser and
Strauss 1967: 2).
When would you use it?

Focus of the methodology is uncovering basic social
processes

Ideal for exploring integral social relationships and
the behaviour of groups where there has been little
exploration of the contextual factors that affect individuals
lives.(Crooks 2001)

Called as constant comparative method(continual interplay
the researcher, his or her data and the theory)

How to use GT?

Unlike many other qualitative methods we have some
idea

how to start the research (identifying area of interest,
avoiding theoretical preconceptions and using theoretical
sensitivity)

how to do it (through analytical procedures and sampling
strategies)

how to stop (when theoretical saturation is reached)
(Dey 1999)
Data collection methods
all is data

In-depth interviews
Most commonly used
Relies on open ended questions
Questions can be modified to reflect emerging theory

Observational methods

Interviews etc
Over time, a grounded theory study works
through the following mostly-overlapping
phases.

THE GROUNDED THEORY PROCESS: (CHARMAZ)
(Charmaz, 2006)
Writing the first draft
Integrating memos diagramming concepts
Sorting memos
Advanced memos refining conceptual categories
Theoretical sampling seek specific new data
Initial memos raising codes to tentative categories
Research Problem and opening research questions
Further theoretical
sampling if needed
Theoretical memo-writing and
further refining of concepts
Adopting certain
categories as
theoretical concepts
Data Collection
Focused Coding
Sensitizing concepts
and general disciplinary
perspectives
Initial coding data collection
Re-examination of
earlier data
EXAMPLE OF RESEARCH
Title : From Image to Text: Using Images in the
Writing Process
By : Nancy Andrzejczak, Guy Trainin, Monique
Poldberg
(Volume 6 Number 12 October 19, 2005)

EXAMPLE OF RESEARCH
The article comprises the benefits of integrating visual art creation and the writing
process.

This article discussed the integration and roles of metaphoric imagination in
expressing a work of art.

The researcher focused on two targeted samples which are Jeremy and Wendy.
Jeremy and Wendy were selected because they were engage with the Picturing
Writing Sequence. They are familiar with the process.

The reasearcher focused on observation and interviews focusing on the two
participants. The observer videotaped and took many evidences regarding the
research.







EXAMPLE OF RESEARCH

The research based on in four category of data analysis, 1) motivational
entry point 2) Observation of the work 3)Response to the finished work $)
The creative process (while they do the artwork)

The researcher and the facilitator need to observe and critically analyse the
finished artworks that have been created by the participants.







DATA
COLLECTING
DATA
COLLECTING
The Power of Pictures: Creating Pathways to
Literacy Through Art
Beth Olshansky, founder and director of the
Center for the Advancement of Art-Based
Literacy at the University of New Hampshire in
Durham, has just completed a new book and
companion DVD: The Power of Pictures:
Creating Pathways to Literacy Through Art.

THE WEAKNESSES

Weaknesses in using the method have become equated with weaknesses
inherent in the method (Charmaz 1990: 1164).
Grounded theory has its own criteria for assessing the quality of the study
(Glaser 1978):
Fit and relevance - how well do the categories relate to the data and
derives from constant comparison and conceptualisation of the data
Workability refers to the integration of the categories into the core
category that emerges
Modifiability refers to ensuring that all the concepts that are important
to the theory are incorporated into it by the constant comparison process.
A modifiable theory can be altered when new relevant data is compared to
existing data
plausible stories (Strong 1979; Melia 1987).
CONCLUSION
GT advocates creating a new theory consisting
of interrelated concepts rather than testing
existing theories.

GT will be recommendation applies to any
researcher in the hard science as well as the
social science.