BY: DR. JULIA B.

BELTRAN, FPOGS, FPSA

1. Under what type of fundamental tissue are the bones
and cartilages classified?


2. Give some characteristics of the bones and cartilages


3. Enumerate functions of the bones and cartilages
OBJECTIVES
GENERAL: To know why the bones and cartilages are connective
tissue organs

SPECIFIC: 1. To identify the parenchyma of the bones and cartilages,
and their corresponding histological characteristics
2. To differentiate the bones and cartilages into their
subtypes
3. To understand the inter-relation of the bones and
cartilages in their growth and development
4. To enumerate the functions of the bones and cartilages


Connective tissue

1.CT cells
2.CT fibers
3.Ground substance
CARTILAGE
Semi-rigid
Ground substance (proteoglycans GAGs,
hyaluronic acid central backbone)
Collagen and elastic fibers > types of
cartilages
Chondroblasts / chondrocytes
Ground substance / matrix
Perichondrium
Cartilage
Avascular limits thickness
Cartilage canals convey blood
Growth interstitial and appositional
Distribution limited; template for the bones
Functions support, gliding surface, bone
development

HYALINE CARTILAGE
Most common and more distributions
Nose, larynx, trachea, articulations, ribs
Precursor of bones
Suspended growth interstitial / appositional
Chondroblasts / chondrocytes single/isogenous
grouping, lacuna
Matrix territorial / inter-territorial
Type II collagen
Perichondrium

Why is the hyaline cartilage
amorphous?
Same refractive index
Fine collagen fibrils
Abundant ground substance
HYALINE CARTILAGE
Elastic cartilage
Almost similar to hyaline cartilage
Elastic fibers > collagen fibers
Seen in: external ear, external auditory canal,
epiglottis, laryngeal cartilages,
Eustachian tube
Elastic cartilage
FIBROCARTILAGE
Fibrous cartilage alternating layers of
collagen fibers and matrix
Chondrocytes rows, flat
Found: IV disc, symphysis pubis, articular
cartilages



Intervertebral
Joints
Intervertebral Disc
FIBROCARTILAGE
BONES
Osteoblasts, osteocytes, (osteoprogenitor
cells), osteoclasts (macrophage-monocyte
line)
Osteoid - Type I collagen, Ca and PO
4
Functions: mobility, Ca reservoir, support,
protection (internal organs/ blood
organ)
Osteoblasts
Osteoid formation
Basophilic cytoplasm
Large nuclei
Large Golgi apparatus
Osteoclasts
* Howships lacuna
Ruffled borders
Bone remodelling
Ca hemostasis
Parathormone (+)
Calcitonin ()
BONES
TYPES: Compact and cancellous
FORMS: Woven and lamellar
COMPACT BONE:
Haversian system:

1. Haversian canal
2. Osteocyte
3. Lacuna
4. Canaliculi
5. Concentric
lamellae
6. Volkmans canal
COMPACT BONES:
CORTICAL
(COMPACT)
BONE
BONE Cortex and Trabecular
Cancellous bone
Spongy bone
Medullary location
Bony trabeculae /
spicules
Osteocytes,
endosteum
Bone marrow
cavity
BONE MARROW:
Woven & lamellar bones
Woven random fibers;
immature

Lamellar parallel bands
of fibers
Mineralisation
Of
Bone
Bone matrix and mineralisation
Matrix - 70% inorganic (Ca, PO4, Mg, Na, K) 30%
organic (90% collagen, proteoglycans)
Hole zones initial site of deposition
Proteoglycans chondroitin SO4, hyaluronic
Non-collagen Osteocalcin (gla prt) Ca binding;
Osteonectin- collagen and mineral (sialoproteins)
bridge;
Matrix vesicles from osteoblasts; pyrophosphatase
(-) & alkaline phosphatase (+)
Bone development and growth
Endochondral ossification long bones,
vertebrae, pelvis and base of the skull -
cartilage bones
Intramembranous ossification vault of the
skull,maxilla, mandible membrane bones
*** growth, thyroid and sex hormones
Intramembranous
Ossification
Endochondral
ossification:

-Permits functional
stresses
-Primary ossification center
(shaft)
-Secondary O.C.
(epiphysis)
Endochondral
Ossification
Bone Remodelling & Repair:
SYNOVIAL JOINT:
Synovial
Joint
T
E
N
D
O
N
LONG BONE:
BONY LAMELLA
Concentric
Interstitial
Inner circumferential / Endosteal
Outer circumferential / periosteal
- Sharpeys fibers
- None: articular surfaces, insertions,
subcapsular femoral neck
PERIOSTEUM:
PERIOSTEUM:

EPIPHYSIS:






EPIPHYSEAL GROWTH PLATE
ZONES:
< Reserve cartilage
- hyaline cart, small clusters of
cells, moderately-stained matrix
< Proliferation
- mitosis, columns of cells,
strongly-stained matrix, proteoglycans

< Maturation
- no mitosis, hypertrophy


< Hypertrophy, Calcification
- Htrophy, calcification, vacuolation

< Cartilage degeneration
- degeneration, invasion of lacuna
< Osteogenic osteoblasts-
metaphysis




Bone remodelling and repair
Blood clot > granulation tissue >
(mesenchymal cells to chondroblasts) >
hyaline cartilage (provisional callus) > (Ca
salts, osteoprogenitor cells woven bone) >
bony callus > lamellar bone

Bony union complete bridge
Intramembranous ossification
Mesenchymal cells > osteoblasts (osteoid) >
centers of ossification > mineralisation >
Trapped osteoblasts (osteocytes) > surface
osteoprogenitor cells (mitosis) > fusion of
ossification centers (bone) > woven >
lamellar
Get sheet of paper
1. Immature form of bone woven
2. Initial site of bone deposition hole zone
3. Structural unit of compact bone Haversian
system
4. Most common cartilage hyaline
5. Arrangement of chondrocytes isogenous
6. Osteogenic tissue of the bones endosteum /
periosteum
7. Type of collagen in collagen Type II
8. Function of the cartilage support, protection,
gliding surface
9. Shape of the bone cell stellate
10. gives the hardness of the bones - hydoxyapatite
1. Immature form of bone
2. Initial site of bone deposition
3. Structural unit of compact bone
4. Most common cartilage
5. Arrangement of chondrocytes
6. Osteogenic tissue of the bones
7. Type of collagen in collagen
8. Function of the cartilage
9. Shape of the bone cell
10. Gives the hardness of the bones