Bab I Offshore Technology - General Review Rev1

Oleh:
Oleh:
Ir. Murdjito, MSc.Eng
Ir. Murdjito, MSc.Eng
Dosen Jurusan Teknik Kelautan
Fakultas Teknologi Kelautan
Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember (ITS) Surabaya
Kepala Laboratorium Operasi iset
! "eran#angan JTK FTK$ITS Surabaya
TEKNOLOGI
TEKNOLOGI
ANJ UNGAN LEPAS PANTAI
ANJ UNGAN LEPAS PANTAI

Outline
Outline
"enanganan %inyak&'as (i Lepas "antai
Jenis (an Fungsi )n*ungan Lepas "antai
"eran#angan )n*ungan Lepas "antai
"engantar In(ustri Lepas "antai
"roses Fabrikasi ! Instalasi
Ke#elakaan )n*ungan Lepas "antai

Pengantar
Pengantar
Industri Lepas Pantai
Industri Lepas Pantai
1947
1947
,
,
Anjungan lepas pantai (o
Anjungan lepas pantai (o
ffshore
ffshore
structure
structure
) pertama diinstal di Teluk Meksiko.
) pertama diinstal di Teluk Meksiko.
+
+
Jacket
Jacket
,-.. ton/
,-.. ton/
water depth
water depth
0 1 m2
0 1 m2
197
197
,
,
Kenaikan harga minyak/gas
Kenaikan harga minyak/gas
mendorong pertumbuhan industri
mendorong pertumbuhan industri
offshore
offshore
.
.
+laut yang lebih (alam ! semakin ganas2
+laut yang lebih (alam ! semakin ganas2
%emastikan:
Jumlah #a(angan minyak&gas
Komposisi hi(rokarbon
Kon(isi lingkungan operasi

%emastikan:
Jumlah #a(angan minyak&gas
Komposisi hi(rokarbon
Kon(isi lingkungan operasi

"eran#angan ! pembangunan:
3asilitas pro(uksi
struktur pen(ukung
"eran#angan ! pembangunan:
3asilitas pro(uksi
struktur pen(ukung
%eliputi:
"engangkatan minyak&gas
"emisahan (ari air ! lumpur
Transportasi ke (arat
%eliputi:
"engangkatan minyak&gas
"emisahan (ari air ! lumpur
Transportasi ke (arat
Proses Ekplorasi dan Ekploitasi
Proses Ekplorasi dan Ekploitasi
Minyak/Gas di Lepas Pantai

Tahap "rakiraan
Tahap "rakiraan
(
(
Appraisal
Appraisal
)
)
Tahap "engembangan
Tahap "engembangan
(
(
Development
Development
)
)
Tahap "ro(uksi
Tahap "ro(uksi
(
(
Production
Production
)
)

Faktor-Faktor yang Berpengaruh
Faktor-Faktor yang Berpengaruh
pada Industri Lepas Pantai
pada Industri Lepas Pantai

"ermintaan energi
4arga minyak&gas
"erkembangan ekonomi
Tingkat in5estasi
Tingkat suku bunga (tax regimes)
"eranan energi alternati3 selain minyak&gas
"erkembangan ilmu pengetahuan ! teknologi
Stabilitas politik
"erkembangan sosial masyarakat

6a(angan %inyak 7umi Dunia
8olume "enemuan %inyak 7umi (i Dunia
"erkembangan 4arga %inyak ! )kti5itas Drilling
9ears
Oil "ri#es :SD&bbl )#ti5e igs
:SD igs
"ro(uksi %inyak 7umi Dunia
Peranan Intitusi Nasional
Peranan Intitusi Nasional
dan Internasional
dan Internasional

"emilik&O;ner
"emakai&Operator
Kontraktor&'alangan
7iro Klasi3ikasi
Institusi Internasional
lnstitusi Nasional
Organisasi "ro3esi
Institusi )hli (Waranty Surveyor)

Outline
Outline

Proses Penanganan
Proses Penanganan
!
Kan(ungan %inyak&'as (Reservoir)
!
Sistem "ro(uksi (an "enanganan
(Production and Treatment System)
!
Sistem Transport&<kspor 4asil %inyak&'as
Reservoir !"
Reservoir !"
"otongan Lapisan 7atuan pa(a eser5oir
Reservoir #"
Reservoir #"
Konsep "engembangan eser5oir
(engan Ja#k$:p "lat3orm
'as ein*e#tion
=ater In*e#tion
8ert> ! 4or> =ell
Reservoir $"
Reservoir $"
9ears
Oil "ro(u#tion (7O"D)
'as "ro(u#tion (%S6FD)
(
T
h
o
u
s
a
n
(
s
)
"ro3il "ro(uksi eser5oir
Layout Penge%&angan Oil Field
Produ'tion and (reat%ent )yste% !"
Produ'tion and (reat%ent )yste% !"
Produ'tion and (reat%ent )yste% #"
Produ'tion and (reat%ent )yste% #"
Lay-out *n+ungan Lepas Pantai )hell"
Produ'tion and (reat%ent )yste% $"
Produ'tion and (reat%ent )yste% $"
Floating Produ'tion )yste%
"engembangan Lapangan %igas (i Laut Dalam
Produ'tion and (reat%ent )yste% ,"
Produ'tion and (reat%ent )yste% ,"
Diagram )lir <lemen :tama "engeboran )n*ungan
? Syarat$element penting (alam pengeboran minyak (an gas bumi
Komposisi eser5oir "roses pro(uksi #airan
(untuk menstabilkan)
Transportasi minyak
minyak (an gas ke (arat
"engembangan
pengeboran
"enyelesaian kegiatan
ba;ah laut
"enemuan reser5oir
baru&tambahan
Struktur pen(ukung
Fasilitas penampungan
minyak (an gas
Struktur pen(ukung
"eralatan untuk proses
pro(uksi
"ipa ba;ah
laut
OT<T
(O33shore Tanker
<@port Terminal)
atau
Diagram )lir "emrosesan %inyak %entah
Diagram )lir "emisahan )ir$%inyak$'as
Skema Sistem "engaman pa(a Sumur 'as
Sistem Transportasi %inyak&'as
Sistem Transportasi %inyak&'as
Tanker (engan 7uoy S)L%
(Single )n#hor Leg %ooring)
Outline
Outline

Jenis dan Fungsi
Jenis dan Fungsi
Anjungan Lepas Pantai
Anjungan Lepas Pantai
Mampu men(ukung bangunan atas dan

fasilitasnya bebas (ari air laut selama
aktu operasi dengan aman
Menahan beban 5ertikal akibat beban

fungsional, berat struktur dan fasilitas
pendukung
Menahan beban horiAontal dan momen

lentur akibat beban lingkungan (angin,
gelombang, arus, dll).
"ung#i "ung#i
P$r$%&t&r P$r$%&t&r
-enis *n+ungan Berdasar .onstruksinya
!"
!"
Ja#ket "lat3orm Ja#ket "lat3orm
Struktur Terpan#ang (Fixed Structure)$,
!"
!"
Tripo( "lat3orm %onopo( "lat3orm
Struktur Terpan#ang (Fixed Structure)$-
!A"K#T $%AT&'(M
!A"K#T $%AT&'(M
)pa*e framed stru*ture ith tubular members

supported on piled foundations.
+sed for moderate ater depths up to ,-- M.
!a*kets pro.ides prote*ti.e layer around the pipes.
Typi*al offshore stru*ture ill ha.e a de*k

stru*ture *ontaining a Main /e*k, a "ellar /e*k,
and a 0elide*k, et*.
The de*k stru*ture is supported by de*k legs

*onne*ted to the top of the piles. The piles e1tend
from abo.e the Mean %o 2ater
Lanjutan Lanjutan
+nderater, the piles are *ontained inside the legs

of a 3ja*ket4 stru*ture hi*h ser.es as bra*ing for
the piles against lateral loads.
The ja*ket also ser.es as a template for the initial

dri.ing of the piles. (The piles are dri.en through
the inside of the legs of the ja*ket stru*ture).
5atural period (usually 6.7 se*ond) is kept belo

a.e period (8, to 6- se*onds) to a.oid
amplifi*ation of a.e loads.
97: of offshore platforms around the orld are

!a*ket supported.
T;$# '& $%AT&'(M) (&<=#/)
T;$# '& $%AT&'(M) (&<=#/)
"'M$%<A5T T'2#(
>
5arro, fle1ible framed stru*tures
supported by piled foundations.
>
0as no oil storage *apa*ity. $rodu*tion
is through tensioned rigid risers and
e1port by fle1ible or *atenary steel
pipe.
>
+ndergo large lateral defle*tions (up to
8- ft) under a.e loading. +sed for
moderate ater depths up to ?-- M.
>
5atural period (usually @- se*ond) is
kept abo.e a.e period (8, to 6-
se*onds) to a.oid amplifi*ation of
a.e loads.
T;$# '& $%AT&'(M) (&<=#/)
T;$# '& $%AT&'(M) (&<=#/)
"'5"(#T# A(AB<T; )T(+"T+(#)C

>
&i1edDbottom stru*tures made from *on*rete
>
0ea.y and remain in pla*e on the seabed
ithout the need for piles
>
+sed for moderate ater depths up to @--
M.
>
$art *onstru*tion is made in a dry do*k
adja*ent to the sea. The stru*ture is built
from bottom up, like onshore stru*ture.
>
At a *ertain point , do*k is flooded and the
partially built stru*ture floats. <t is toed to
deeper sheltered ater here remaining
*onstru*tion is *ompleted.
>
After toing to field, base is filled ith
ater to sink it on the seabed.
>
Ad.antageD %ess maintenan*e
#"
#"
Semi Submersible Ja#k :p "lat3orm
Struktur Terapung (o!ile "##shore $nits)$,
#"
#"
Drilling Ship
Struktur Terapung (o!ile "##shore $nits)$-
)#M<)+E $%AT&'(M
)#M<)+E $%AT&'(M
>
/ue to small ater plane area , they are eight
sensiti.e. &lood arning systems are reFuired
to be inDpla*e.
>
Topside fa*ilities , no. of risers et*. ha.e to
fi1ed at preDdesign stage.
>
+sed for +ltra deep ater.
>
)emiDsubmersibles are held in pla*e by
an*hors *onne*ted to a *atenary mooring
system.
>
"olumn pontoon jun*tions and bra*ing attra*t
large loads.
>
/ue to possibility of fatigue *ra*king of bra*es
, periodi* inspe*tion/ maintenan*e is
prereFuisite
)0<$ )0A$#/ B#))#% (&$)')
)0<$ )0A$#/ B#))#% (&$)')
> Ship$shape plat3orms are #alle( Floating
"ro(u#tion/ Storage an( O33loa(ing (F"SO)
3a#ilities>
> F"SOs ha5e integral oil storage #apability
insi(e their hull> This a5oi(s a long an(
e@pensi5e pipeline to shore>
> 6an e@plore in remote an( (eep ;ater an(
also in marginal ;ells/ ;here buil(ing 3i@e(
plat3orm an( piping is te#hni#ally an(
e#onomi#ally not 3easible
> F"SOs are hel( in position o5er the
reser5oir at a Single "oint %ooring (S"%)>
The 5essel is able to ;eather5ane aroun( the
mooring point so that it al;ays 3a#es into
the pre5ailing ;eather>
$"
$"
)rti#ulate( To;er Tension Leg "lat3orm
Struktur Lentur (%ompliant Plat#orm)$,
$"
$"
S") "lat3orm 'uye( To;er
Struktur Lentur (%ompliant Plat#orm)$-
Tension %eg $latform (T%$)
Tension %eg $latform (T%$)
Tension Leg Platforms (TLPs) are floating facilities that are tied down
to the seabed b !ertical steel tubes called tethers"
This characteristic ma#es the structure !er rigid in the !ertical

direction and !er fle$ible in the hori%ontal plane" The !ertical rigidit
helps to tie in wells for production& while& the hori%ontal compliance
ma#es the platform insensiti!e to the primar effect of wa!es"
'a!e large columns and Pontoons and a fairl deep draught"
TLP has e$cess buoanc which #eeps tethers in tension" Topside

facilities & no" of risers etc" ha!e to fi$ed at pre(design stage"
)sed for deep water up to *+,, -
.t has no integral storage"
.t is sensiti!e to topside load/draught !ariations as tether tensions are

affected"
)$A(
)$A(
>
"on*ept of a large diameter single .erti*al
*ylinder supporting de*k.
>
These are a .ery ne and emerging *on*eptC the
first spar platform, Neptune, as installed off
the +)A *oast in 899G.
>
)par platforms ha.e taut *atenary moorings and
deep draught, hen*e hea.e natural period is
about @- se*onds.
>
+sed for +ltra deep ater depth of 6@-- M.
>
The *enter of buoyan*y is *onsiderably abo.e
*enter of gra.ity , making )par Fuite stable.
>
/ue to spa*e restri*tions in the *ore, number of
risers has to be predetermined.
-enis *n+ungan Berdasar Fungsinya
-enis *n+ungan Berdasar Fungsinya
!"
!"
)n*ungan "engeboran (Drilling&Well

Plat#orm)
)n*ungan "ro(uksi
(Production&Treatment Plat#orm)
)n*ungan )komo(asi ('uarter Plat#orm)
)n*ungan Instalasi ((nstalation Plat#orm)
Pipe )ayer Plat#orm

O33shore Stru#ture (an Fungsinya
O33shore Stru#ture (an Fungsinya
$%AT&'(M $A(T)
$%AT&'(M $A(T)
T'$)</#C
>
&a*ilities are tailored to a*hie.e
eight and spa*e sa.ing
>
<n*orporates pro*ess and utility
eFuipment
/rilling (ig
<nje*tion "ompressors
Aas "ompressors
Aas Turbine Aenerators
$iping
<nstrumentation
>
A**ommodation for operating
personnel.
>
"rane for eFuipment handling
>
0elipad
$%AT&'(M $A(T)
$%AT&'(M $A(T)
M''(<5A) H A5"0'()C
>
+sed to tie platform in pla*e
>
Material
)teel *hain
)teel ire rope

> "atenary shape due to hea.y
eight.
> %ength of rope is more
)yntheti* fiber rope

> Taut shape due to substantial
less eight than steel ropes.
>
%ess rope length reFuired
> "orrosion free
$%AT&'(M $A(T)
$%AT&'(M $A(T)
(<)#(C
>
$ipes used for produ*tion, drilling,
and e1port of 'il and Aas from
)eabed.
>
(iser system is a key *omponent
for offshore drilling or floating
produ*tion proje*ts.
>
The *ost and te*hni*al *hallenges
of the riser system in*rease
signifi*antly ith ater depth.
>
/esign of riser system depends on
filed layout, .essel interfa*es,
fluid properties and en.ironmental
*ondition.
$%AT&'(M $A(T)
$%AT&'(M $A(T)
(<)#(C
>
(emains in tension due to self eight
>
$rofiles are designed to redu*e load on
topside. Types of risers
(igid
&le1ible D Allos .essel motion due

to a.e loading and *ompensates
hea.e motion
>
)imple "atenary risersC &le1ible
pipe is freely suspended
beteen surfa*e .essel and the
seabed.
>
'ther *atenary .ariants possible
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DECK CONSTRUCTION METHOD
DECK CONSTRUCTION METHOD
Setting De#k %ain 7eam (i )tas Support
De#k Fabri#ation Step (,)
Instalasi De#k %ain "lates
De#k Fabri#ation Step (-)
De#k Sta#king (,)
De#k Fabri#ation Step (?)
De#k Sta#king (-)
De#k Fabri#ation Step (B)
"ersiapan
De#k Loa(out (,)
7ergerak (,)
De#k Loa(out (-)
7ergerak (-)
De#k Loa(out (?)
7ergerak (?)
De#k Loa(out (B)
7arge 7allasting
De#k Loa(out (C)
Loa(out Step$,
De#k Loa(out (1)
Loa(out Step$-
De#k Loa(out (D)
Loa(out Step$?
De#k Loa(out (E)
Loa(out Step$B (Final)
De#k Loa(out (F)
De#k Sea3astening
De#k Sea3astening
JACKET CONSTRUCTION
JACKET CONSTRUCTION
METHOD
METHOD
"ersiapan Ja#ket Leg Support
Ja#ket Fabri#ation Step (,)
Setting Ja#ket Leg (i atas Support
Ja#ket Fabri#ation Step (-)
"erakitan Ja#ket "anel <le5asi
Ja#ket Fabri#ation Step (?)
Setting Ja#ket "anel <le5asi (,)
Ja#ket Fabri#ation Step (B)
Setting Ja#ket "anel <le5asi (-)
Ja#ket Fabri#ation Step (C)
Setting Ja#ket "anel <le5asi (?)
Ja#ket Fabri#ation Step (1)
Setting Ja#ket Leg
Ja#ket Fabri#ation Step (D)
Setting Ja#ket Si(e "anel
Ja#ket Fabri#ation Step (E)
"ersiapan pa(a Ski( =ay
Ja#ket Loa(out (,)
Ja#ket Ditarik ke )tas 7arge (,)
Ja#ket Loa(out (-)
Ja#ket Ditarik ke )tas 7arge (-)
Ja#ket Loa(out (?)
Ja#ket Ditarik ke )tas 7arge (?)
Ja#ket Loa(out (B)
Siap :ntuk Sea3astening
Ja#ket Loa(out (C)
Ja#ket Sea3astening
Instalasi Ja#ket
Instalasi De#k

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)kibat 7lo;out pa(a Ja#ket "lat3orm
Iiih G Sereeem G
)kibat Kesalahan pa(a
Stabilitas Kapal "engangkut (,)
Lihat G %egah sekali/ ya G
Stabilitas Kapal "engangkut (-)
9a G 7erlayarlah (ia G Tapi H
Stabilitas Kapal "engangkut (?)
Lho G Kok terguling/ sihH I
Sebentar lagi a(a ke#elakaan
lagi/ lhoH
=ahH "en#emaran G
=ahH "en#emaran G
9aH 4abis/ (eh G
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Oleh:

"enanganan %inyak&'as (i Lepas "antai

"enanganan %inyak&'as (i Lepas "antai

Jenis (an Fungsi )n*ungan Lepas "antai

Jenis (an Fungsi )n*ungan Lepas "antai

"eran#angan )n*ungan Lepas "antai

"eran#angan )n*ungan Lepas "antai

"engantar In(ustri Lepas "antai

"engantar In(ustri Lepas "antai

"roses Fabrikasi ! Instalasi

"roses Fabrikasi ! Instalasi

Ke#elakaan )n*ungan Lepas "antai

Ke#elakaan )n*ungan Lepas "antai

Jumlah #a(angan minyak&gas

Kon(isi lingkungan operasi

Jumlah #a(angan minyak&gas

Kon(isi lingkungan operasi

"emisahan (ari air ! lumpur

"emisahan (ari air ! lumpur

Tingkat suku bunga (tax regimes)

"eranan energi alternati3 selain minyak&gas

"erkembangan ilmu pengetahuan ! teknologi

"erkembangan sosial masyarakat

Institusi )hli (Waranty Surveyor)

"enanganan %inyak&'as (i Lepas "antai

"enanganan %inyak&'as (i Lepas "antai

Jenis (an Fungsi )n*ungan Lepas "antai

Jenis (an Fungsi )n*ungan Lepas "antai

"eran#angan )n*ungan Lepas "antai

"eran#angan )n*ungan Lepas "antai

"engantar In(ustri Lepas "antai

"engantar In(ustri Lepas "antai

"roses Fabrikasi ! Instalasi

"roses Fabrikasi ! Instalasi

Ke#elakaan )n*ungan Lepas "antai

Ke#elakaan )n*ungan Lepas "antai

"enanganan %inyak&'as (i Lepas "antai

"enanganan %inyak&'as (i Lepas "antai

Jenis (an Fungsi )n*ungan Lepas "antai

Jenis (an Fungsi )n*ungan Lepas "antai

"eran#angan )n*ungan Lepas "antai

"eran#angan )n*ungan Lepas "antai

"engantar In(ustri Lepas "antai

"engantar In(ustri Lepas "antai

"roses Fabrikasi ! Instalasi

"roses Fabrikasi ! Instalasi

Ke#elakaan )n*ungan Lepas "antai

Ke#elakaan )n*ungan Lepas "antai

Mampu men(ukung bangunan atas dan

Menahan beban 5ertikal akibat beban

Menahan beban horiAontal dan momen

)pa*e framed stru*ture ith tubular members

+sed for moderate ater depths up to ,-- M.

!a*kets pro.ides prote*ti.e layer around the pipes.

Typi*al offshore stru*ture ill ha.e a de*k

The de*k stru*ture is supported by de*k legs

+nderater, the piles are *ontained inside the legs

The ja*ket also ser.es as a template for the initial

5atural period (usually 6.7 se*ond) is kept belo

97: of offshore platforms around the orld are

"'5"(#T# A(AB<T; )T(+"T+(#)C

This characteristic ma#es the structure !er rigid in the !ertical

'a!e large columns and Pontoons and a fairl deep draught"

TLP has e$cess buoanc which #eeps tethers in tension" Topside

)pae framed struture ith tubular members

!akets pro.ides proteti.e layer around the pipes.

Typial offshore struture ill ha.e a de*k

The dek struture is supported by de*k legs