Chapter 13, Gases

Read pages 417 to

449

What is the relationship of a gas to
its volume and pressure?
All gases have similar behavior no matter what
type of gas it is
1 mole of any gas at standard temperature and
pressure (STP) will occupy 22.4 L of volume
STP is defined as 1 atmosphere of pressure
and 0 degrees celcius
This information can be used to solve
stoichiometry problems
Solve mass to volume, or volume to
volume problems.
Mass to volume is the same as a mass to mass only
the units change at the end of the problem
Go from mass of given to moles of given to moles of
unknown to volume of unknown. Or
Volume to volume problems are like mole to mole
problems
Use the ratios of the coefficients in the balanced
equation and set up your units to cancel and the
problem is solved in two steps.
Practice Problems:
Sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO
3
) can be used to
extinguish a fire. When heated, it decomposes to give
carbon dioxide gas, which smother the fire. If a sample
contains 4.0g of NaHCO
3
, what volume of carbon
dioxide gas is produced at STP:
2NaHCO
3
Na
2
CO
3
+ H
2
O + CO
2
If 0.38 L of hydrogen reacts with chlorine gas, what
volume of hydrogen chloride gas will be produced?
What is Pressure?
Pressure is the amount of force per area
P=force/area SI units are pascals or KiloPascals
1 atm = 101.3Kpa
Gas pressure is caused by the motion of the molecules
of gas in all directions
This motion creates a force against containers or
against the environment
When there is a difference in pressure Pressure moves
from high to low
Gas pressure is in all directions at all times
Describe the Physical Properties of
Gases.
All gases have mass. Ex. Basketballs weigh
more pumped up than empty.
Gases can be compressed. You can place a
gas in a container and reduce its volume.
Gases fill their containers completely.
Different gases mix together evenly. (diffusion)
All gases exert pressure
How are atmospheric pressures
measured?
Use a barometer,
Several different types, the most accurate involve a
tube filled with mercury inverted over a dish filled with
mercury
Atmospheric pressure pushes on the mercury in the
dish and keeps the mercury at a given level in the tube.
Atmospheric pressure is caused by the earths gravity
pulling the gases of the atmosphere toward its surface.
Atmospheric pressure decreases with elevation
What are the units for pressure?
Usually units are expressed in the height of the
mercury column in millimeters. This height is also
referred to as torr.
Torr = mm of Hg
At sea level the standard pressure is 760.0 mm of Hg
or 760.0 torr. This is converted into 1 atmosphere of
pressure
1 atmoshphere = 760.0 torr = 760.0 mm of Hg
SI units are 1 atmosphere = 101,325 pascals
English units are 1 atmosphere = 14.69 psi
Convert units for pressure.
The pressure of the air in a tire is measured to
be 28 psi. Represent this pressure in
atmospheres, torr, and pascals.
Describe Boyles Law
Boyle notices that as pressure increases volume
decreases (so long as the amount of gas and the
temperature do not change)
As P increases V decreases (inverse relationship).
Boyle multiplies pressure by volume and gets a
constant.
This means that PV = k(constant)
This also means that P
1
V
1
= k
And P
2
V
2
= k
So P
1
V
1
= P
2
V
2

This allows unknown volumes or pressures to be
calculated
Practice Problems
Steps for success. State the variables in the form of a
data table (column). Derive the formula for finding the
unknown. Plug in data and solve for answer. Question
the answer, Does it make sense?
0.030 L marshmallow experience a drop in pressure
from 1.1 atm to 0.2 atm. What is the new volume?
A sample of neon to be used in a neon sign has a
volume of 1.51L at a pressure of 635 torr. Calculate
the volume of the gas after it is pumped into the glass
tubes of the sign, where it shows a pressure of 785
torr.
Describe Charles` Law
As temperature increases volume increases and vice
versa, so long as pressure remains constant
This is a direct proportional relationship
Using your graph, what happens when you extrapolate
temperature and volume at decreasing temperatures?
Volume eventually becomes 0 at 273 degrees
Celsius.
This temperature is absolute zero or 0 Kelvin
To convert Celsius to Kelvin add 273.
To convert Kelvin to Celsius subtract 273

Charles Law continued
V = kT where volume is equal to V and Kelvin Is equal
to T
Also means V/T = k constant
Also V
1
/T
1
= k, so V
1
/T
1
= V
2
/T
2

Problem: A 2.0 L sample of air is collected at 298 K
and then cooled to 278 K. The pressure is held at a
constant 1.0 atm. Calculate the volume of the air at
278 K.
A sample of gas has a volume of 1.00 L at 255 K, what
is the temperature if the volume of the same gas is
changed to 0.45 L at constant pressure?

What is Gay Lussacs Law?
If you keep the volume constant. The pressure
of the gas will increase directly as the
temperature increases
Heating closed containers is dangerous
P/T = k or P
1
/T
1
= P
2
/T
2



Describe Avogadros Law
Has to do with the volume of a gas and the amount of
moles present (at constant temperature and pressure)
This is a direct relationship. As the amount of moles of
a gas increases the volume increases as well.
V stands for Volume and n is the number of moles
V/n = k
V
1
/n
1
= V
2
/n
2

Describe the Ideal Gas law
Know 4 laws PV = k Boyles
V/T = k Charles
V/n = k Avogadros
P/T = k Gay Lussacs
Three of these relationships show that the volume of a
gas depends on pressure, temperature, and the
amount of moles present
Volume, Temp, moles, and pressure are the 4
characteristics of gas
From this an equation was reached PV = nRT
Ideal Gas Law continued.
R is the universal gas constant (0.08206 L atm/k mol
Pressure is in atm. Volume is in Liters. Temp is in
Kelvin
Ideal gases are gases that obey this law
experimentally
This usually occurs at STP
Real gases deviate from this law at low temperatures
and high pressures.
Practice Problems
A sample of Hydrogen gas H
2
has a volume of 8.56L
and a standard temperature. Its pressure is 1.5 atm.
Calculate the number of mols of H
2
present in this gas
sample.
What volume is occupied by 0.250 mol of carbon
dioxide gas at 25 degrees celsius and 371 torr?
Suppose we have a .240-mol sample of ammonia gas
at 25 degrees Celsius with a volume of 3.5 L at a
pressure of 1.68 atm. The gas is compressed to a
volume of 1.35L at 25 degrees Celsius. Use the ideal
gas law to calculate its final pressure
Describe Daltons Law of Partial
Pressures
Has to do with gases that are mixtures (air and
compressed He & O
2
)
Each gas behaves independently of the other gas.
Oxygen will have the same pressure in a 1 L container
regardless of what other gas is mixed with it.
Law: For a mixture of gases in a container the total
pressure exerted is the sum of the partial pressures of
the gas present.
Partial Pressure is the amount of pressure the gas
would have if it were alone in the container
Board
Daltons Law continued
The number of moles is what matters in Daltons law
not the identity of the gases.
The size and force associated with the atoms do not
matter.
Daltons Law also applies when collecting gas through
the displacement of water.
Water vapor collects in the same bottle as the gas you
are trying to experiment with (evaporation)
Vapor Pressure of water increases as temperature
increases.
Practice Problems
The oxygen produced by a reaction was
collected by the displacement of water at 22
degrees Celsius. The resulting mixture of O
2

and H
2
O vapor had a total pressure of 754 torr
and a volume of 0.650 L. Calculate the partial
pressure of O
2
in the gas collected and the
number of moles of O
2
present. Vapor
pressure of water is 21 torr @ 22 degrees
Celsius
What is gas effusion?
Related to diffusion. Diffusion says that the amount of
gas moves from higher concentration to lower
concentration throughout a container. (Gases stay
evenly mixed
Effusion is movement of gases through a pore (small
hole) Gas is able to pass through one particle at a time
Depends on how much mass the gas has.
Hydrogen will effuse faster than helium and helium will
effuse faster than oxygen
This is expressed in Grahams law which says that the
rates of effusion of different gases are inversely
proportional to the square roots of their molar mass.
Describe the Kinetic Theory
Gases have small particles with mass. (molecules or
atoms)
Particles in the gas are separated from each other by
large distances. This is why the gases can be
compressed, and why they have low densities.
Particles of a gas are in rapid constant motion.
Explains why they totally fill any container placed in.
As they move they collide with each other and the wall
of the container. They do not lose their energy or they
would become liquids or solids.
The fact that gas molecules do not lose their energy is
called an elastic property

Kinetic Theory cont
Elastic collisions lose no energy. So they move at the
same rate that they moved before the collision
Temperature affects the average kinetic energy of
gases (motion). Average KE increases with
temperature due to faster moving particles. Pressure
increases as temperature increases because the gas
molecules have more collisions with the wall of the
container.
Know the 6 postulates on page 402-403.