SHORT QUIZ

 After the lecture

 Closed notes
 ¼ piece of paper
Pathology - Diseases
 Non-Infectious
Diseases
 Inflammatory
 Vascular
 Tumor

 Infectious Diseases
 By an infectious agent
 Microorganism
 Microbiology
 Microbiology

Edgel May C. Bayag, M.D.

Microbial Groups
 Prions  Proteins
 Viruses  Nucleic Acids (DNA & RNA)

 Prokaryotes
 Bacteria

 Eukaryotes
 Fungi
 Parasites
 Prions
 Noncellular infectious proteins
 Naked proteins with the same
amino acid sequence as certain
normal cellular proteins, but are
folded differently

 Subacute Spongiform
Encephalopathies
 Creutzfelt-Jakob Disease
 Cannibalism
Prion Gains Entry into Human Cells
 Modify the folding of
normal PrPc

 Turn proteins into

additional prions

 Eventually neurologic
degeneration
Prions Sites of Replication & Transport
 Viruses
 Obligate intracellular organisms
 cannot be grown outside host cell
 Noncellular
 take over host cells
 use the viral nucleic acid to direct
the synthesis and assembly of viral
components
 make new virus
 RNA or DNA
 various proteins
 Envelope
 may or may not have
Viral Structure
 Viral Genomes
 DNA or RNA
 Proteins
 Structural and Enzymes
 Viral Nucleocapsid (Genomic
nucleic acid + proteins)
 Icosahedral or Helical
 Naked or Enveloped
 (host’s membrane as an
envelope)
Viral Replication
 Infection thru Viral Binding
 Early Macromolecular Synthesis
 Replication of Genome
 Assembly
 Release
Bacteria
 Prokaryotic cells
 Complex cell walls of
peptidoglycan (except for
Mycoplasmas)
 No sterols (except in
Mycoplasma membranes)
 Divide asexually or binary
fission
Staining Property & Cell-Envelope Features:
 Gram Positive
 Gram Negative
 Poorly or Non-Gram Staining (Acid fast,
Obligate Intracellular, No peptidoglycan,
Weakly Gram-Negative)
Shapes
 Coccus
 round
 Bacillus
 rod
 Spirilla
 Spirochetes
 spiral-shaped
 Thin
 Do not show up
well in light
microscopy
 O2 requirement: Aerobes and Anaerobes
(aerobic respiration or fermentation)
 Obligate aerobes (Tube1)
 aerobic respiration
 Anaerobes (ABCs) (Tube2)
 Actinomyces
 Bacteroides
 Clostridium
 Facultative anaerobes (Tube3)
 Grow better with O2
 Microaerophilic bacteria (Tube4)
 require O2 at low levels
 Aerotolerant Anaerobe (Tube5)
 Do not need O2 for Growth
Pathogens vs Commensals
 Disease-causing bacteria
 pathogens or parasites

 Commensals
 normal flora
 colonizes the human body’s internal and external surfaces
 low virulence
 kept in balance by our surface defense mechanisms
Normal Flora
 1. Reduce the risk of pathogen colonization
 modifying pH
 blocking binding sites
 producing antibacterial compounds (bacteriocins)

 2. Infection from normal flora

 carried into normally sterile tissues (trauma)
 immunocompromised patients
 Con-
BACTER Lower Ant. ure-
Skin junc- Nose Pharynx Mouth Vagina
IUM GI thra
tiva
Staphylococcu
s epidermidis ++ + ++ ++ ++ + ++ ++
(1)
Staphylococcu
s aureus*  (2) +  +/- + + + ++ +/- +
Streptococcus
mitis  + ++  +/-  + +
Streptococcus 
salivarius  ++  ++   
Streptococcus
mutans* (3) + ++
Enterococcus
faecalis* (4) +/-  + ++ + +
Streptococcus
pneumoniae* +/-  +/-  + + +/-
(5)
Streptococcus
pyogenes* (6) +/- +/- + + +/- +/-
Neisseria sp.
(7) + +  ++  + + +
Neisseria
meningitidis* + ++ + +
(8)
Enterobacteria
ceae*(Escheric +/-  +/- +/- + ++ + +
hia coli) (9) 
++ =nearly 100 percent      + = common (about 25 percent)     
+/- = rare  (less than 5%)       * = potential pathogen
 Con-
BACTER Lower Ant. ure-
Skin junc- Nose Pharynx Mouth Vagina
IUM GI thra
tiva
Proteus sp. +/-  + + + + + +
Pseudomonas
aeruginosa* +/-  +/- +  +/-
(10)
Haemophilus
influenzae* +/-  +  +  +
(11)
Bacteroides
sp.* ++  + +/-
Bifidobacteriu
m bifidum (12) ++
Lactobacillus
sp. (13) + ++ ++ ++
Clostridium
sp.* (14)  +/-  ++
Clostridium
tetani (15) +/-
Corynebacteri
a (16) ++ + ++ + + + + +
Mycobacteria + +/- +/-  + + 
Actinomycetes + + 
Spirochetes + ++ ++
Mycoplasmas  + + + +/- +
++ = nearly 100 percent      + = common (about 25 percent)     
+/- = rare  (less than 5%)       * = potential pathogen
Pathogenicity
 a. Survival in the Environment
 b. Colonization of the human body
 By normal flora & pathogens
 c. Traumatic implantation into the human host
 d. Evasion of the Immediate host defense system
 e. Production of toxins
 f. Intracellular Growth
Fungi
 Eukaryotic organisms
 Complex carbohydrate cell walls
 chitin, glucans, and mannans
 Fungal membranes
 Ergosterol as the major sterol
 treatment with
 imidazoles
 polyene drugs
 Yeasts
 Filamentous molds
 Dimorphic fungi
 Mushrooms
Structures
 Hyphae (filamentous cells)
 Yeasts (oval to spherical cells replicate by budding)
 Dimorphic fungi (cold/mold  yeast in body)
 Pseudohyphae (buds remain attached and elongate 
look like hyphae with constrictions at each cell-cell
juncture)
Parasites
 Eukaryotic cells
 Protozoans, Worms, and
Insects
 Live on other organisms
 Sterols in their cell
membranes
 do not have cell walls
 Organism that lives in or on
another organism (the host)
 Does some damage to the
host in the process
Types of Parasites
 Facultative
 can live in association with
its host or separately
 Obligate
 cannot live free of the host
for at least some stage of the
life cycle
 With Complex Life Cycle
 requires more than one host
Hosts: organisms that provide nutrition and
place for the parasite to replicate
 Reservoir host – maintains a parasite and may be the
source for human infection. An essential reservoir host is
one without which the parasite cannot exist

 Intermediate host – either maintains the asexual stages of

a parasite or allows development of the parasite to proceed
only to the larval stage

 Definitive host – which the adult or sexual parasites

develop
Vectors: biological systems that spread
parasites
 Biological vector
 vector and host for the replicative
stage of a parasite
 Anopheles mosquito in malaria
 Mechanical vector
 transmits parasite
 without being a host
 flies “tracking” Chlamydia trachomatis
from one eye to the next)
Major Groups
 Protozoa
 Amebas, Flagellates, Plasmodium
 Roundworms
 Ascaris, Enterobius
 Flatworms
 Flukes, Tapeworms
Quiz
 1-5. What are the 5 major microbial groups that cause
infectious diseases?
 6.Which of the microbial groups are noncellular infectious
proteins?
 7. Which among the microbial groups are obligate
intracellular organisms with either DNA or RNA as their
genome?
 8. What component of the prokaryotic cell wall that
determines whether it is gram positive or negative?
 9. What is the sterol that composes the fungal membrane?
 10. What is the biological system that spread parasites?
Infectious Diseases

Edgel May C. Bayag, M.D.

By Organ System
 Eye and Ear Infections
 Respiratory Tract Infections
 Nervous System Infections
 Gastrointestinal and Hepatobiliary Diseases
 Cardiovascular Infections and Septicemia
 Bone or Joint Infections
 Genitourinary Tract Infections
 Cancers with Infections
 Skin and Subcutaneous Infections
1. Eye and Ear Infections
 Stye (hordeolum)
 S.aureus
 Conjuctivitis
 (red eye)
 Acute otitis media
2. Respiratory Tract Infections
 Upper Respiratory Tract Infection, Bronchitis, Pneumonia
Pneumonia
3. Nervous System Infections
 Meningitis, Brain Abscesses, Encephalitis, Neurotoxins
by microbes, Prion disease
4. Gastrointestinal and Hepatobiliary
Disease
 Vomiting and Diarrhea by
Ingestion of Microbial
Toxin
 Noninflammatory Diarrhea
(Virus)
 Inflammatory diarrhea and
dysentery (Ameba)
 Hepatobiliary Disease
(Ascaris, Schistosoma)
Dehydration in Diarrhea & Vomiting
5. Cardiovascular Infections; Septicemias;
and Blood Cell Changes in Infection
 Native valve endocarditis, Pericarditis, Myocarditis
 Septicemia & Shock
6. Bone or Joint Infections
 Septic Arthritis, Osteomyelitis
7. Genitourinary
Tract Infections
 Cystitis
 Blood in Urine
 Reproductive
Tract Infections
8. Skin and Subcutaneous Infections;
Rashes
 Surgical wounds or carbuncles, Furuncles
 Dermatitis, Impetigo, Tetatus Infection, Cellulitis
  
 Rash
 Chickenpox
 Measles
 Shingles
 Scarlet fever
 Slapped cheek fever
 Exanthem subitum
 Neisseria meningitidis (meningococcemia and meningitis)
Tetanus
Furuncle
Carbuncle
Dermatitis
Measles (Rubeola)
Slapped-Cheek Rash
Scarlet Fever Rash
Chickenpox (Varicella Zoster)
Shingles (Herpes Zoster)
Exanthem Subitum (Roseola)
Meningococcemia
9. Cancers Associated with Infections
 Viruses
 Cervical Ca – HPV
 Burkitts lymphoma – EBV
 Liver ca – Hepa B&C
 Human T-cell Leukemias or lymphomas – HTLV
  
 Parasites
 Bladder Ca – Schistosoma hematobium
 Burkitt’s Lymphoma - Plasmodium
Disease Patterns & Transmission

Edgel May C. Bayag, M.D.

Disease Patterns
 Acute
 Short and sharp course

 Chronic
 Long duration and slow progression

 Latent
 Not manifest but potentially discernible
 Period of apparent inactivity
 From the time stimulus is presented until a response occurs
Transmitted in two ways
 Horizontal disease transmission
 one individual to another in the same generation
 peers in the same age group
 direct contact (licking, touching, biting)
 indirect contact (vectors or fomites without physical contact)

 Vertical disease transmission

 from parent to offspring
 mother transmits the disease
 bodily fluid, breast milk
Disease Transmission
 Droplet contact
 coughing or sneezing on another person

 Direct physical contact

 touching an infected person, including sexual contact

 Indirect contact
 touching soil contamination or a contaminated surface
Disease Transmission
 Airborne transmission
 microorganism remain in the air for long periods

 Fecal-oral transmission
 contaminated food or water sources

 Vector borne transmission

 insects or other animals
Locus
Point on the body where a pathogen enters
 Droplet contact and other Airborne transmission
 respiratory system
 Direct physical and Indirect contact
 wound in the skin
 mucous membrane
 Fecal-oral transmission
 mouth
 Vector borne transmission
 bite or sting of the vector
Diseases by Droplet Contact
 Bacterial Meningitis
 Chickenpox
 Common cold
 Influenza
 Mumps
 Strep throat
 Tuberculosis
 Measles
 Rubella
 Whooping cough
Diseases by Viral Droplet Nuclei
 Common cold
 Influenza A & B
 Mumps
 Measles
 Rubella
 SARS
Viral Droplet Nuclei
 When viruses are shed by an infected person through
coughing or sneezing into the air, the mucus coating on
the virus starts to evaporate
 Once this mucus shell evaporates the remaining virion is
called a droplet nucleus or quanta
Diseases via Fecal-Oral Transmission
 Cholera
 Hepatitis A
 Polio
 Rotavirus
 Salmonellosis
Fecal-Oral Transmission
 Direct contact is rare in this route, for humans at least.
 More common are the indirect routes;
 foodstuffs or water become contaminated (by people not
washing their hands before preparing food, or untreated sewage
being released into a drinking water supply)
 the people who eat and drink them become infected
Diseases thru Sexual Transmission
 HIV/AIDS
 Chlamydia
 Genital warts
 Gonorrhea
 Hepatitis B
 Syphilis
Sexual Transmission
 Disease that can be caught during sexual activity with
another person, including vaginal or anal sex or (less
commonly) through oral sex
Diseases thru Oral Sexual Transmission
 HIV
 Herpes Simplex Virus 1
Diseases thru Oral Transmission
 Cytomegalovirus infections
 Herpes simplex virus (especially HSV-1)
 Infectious mononucleosis
Diseases by Direct Contact
 Athlete's foot
 Impetigo
 Syphilis
 Warts
Transmission by Direct Contact
 Diseases that can be transmitted by direct contact are
called contagious
 Contagious is not the same as Infectious
 All contagious diseases are infectious,
 Not all infectious diseases are contagious
Diseases by Vertical Transmission
 HIV
 Hepatitis B
 Syphilis
Vertical Transmission
 This is from mother to child, often in utero, as a result of
the incidental exchange of bodily fluids (mostly blood)
during childbirth or (rarely) through breast milk.
Diseases by Iatrogenic Transmission
 Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease
 Injection of contaminated human growth hormone
 MRSA infection
 Acquired as a result of a stay in hospital
Iatrogenic Transmission
 Transmission due to medical procedures, such as injection
or transplantation of infected material.
 Some diseases that can be transmitted iatrogenically
include:
Diseases by Vector-borne Transmission
 Dengue
 Malaria
Vector borne transmission
 A vector is an organism that does not cause disease itself
but that transmits infection by conveying pathogens from
one host to another
Thank You