Sistem skeleton/kerangka manusia terdiri dari tulang ( 206 pada dewasa) dan persendian/joints,
AXIAL skeleton : - Cranium - Thorax - Columna vertebralis APPENDICULAR skeleton : - Extemitas superior & inferior - Cingulum extremitas sup & inf FUNGSI SKELETON Membentuk tubuh dan sebagai penyangga tubuh Melindungi organ tubuh : otak, jantung, paru-paru, organ reproduksi Haemopoetik : membentuk sel- sel darah, karena mempunyai sumsum tulang Untuk pergerakan tubuh, dimana otot melekat pada tulang Depo mineral anorganik : kalsium, fosfor, magnesium, sodium
CLASSIFICATION OF BONES Ossa longa/tulang panjang Ossa extremitas Ossa brevia/tulang pendek Bentuk kubus, dengan 6 permukaan (ossa carpalia & ossa tarsalia) Ossa plana/tulang pipih Os sternum, os scapula, sebagian os cranium Ossa IRREGULARIS Bervariasi dalam bentuk : Ossa vertebrae, sebagian os cranium OSSA PNEUMATICA - Didalamnya terdapat suatu rongga/sinus (os Maxilla, Frontale, Sphenoidale) ANATOMY of a LONG BONE BONES GROWTH and REPAIR OSTEOPROGENITOR CELLS Sel yang terdapat di bagian dalam periosteum, endosteum, dan canalis centralis compact bone OSTEOBLASTS Berasal dari sel osteoprogenitor, dan bertanggung jawab terhadap sekresi bahan pembentuk matrix tulang OSTEOCYTES Berasal dari osteoblasts. Mempunyai peranan penting dalam mempertahankan metabolisme tulang. OSTEOCLASTS Penting dalam pertumbuhan tulang dan bertanggung jawab membuang tulang-tulang tua dan memperbaikinya,/regenerasi tulang COLUMNA VERTEBRALIS Dimulai dari basis cranii - pelvis Terdiri dari beberapa kelompok tulang VERTEBRAE intervertebral disks ( fibrocartilage ) 7 V. CERVICAL ( neck ) 12 V. THORACIC ( chest ) 5 V. SACRAL membentuk os SACRUM 5 V. LUMBAR ( lower back ) 3 to 5 V. COCCYGEAL fetus, columna vertebralis membentuk concave anteriorly curvatura primer Protects the spinal cord VERTEBRAL CANAL OSSA THORACIS Composed of : THORACIC VERTEBRAE( 12 ) COSTAE/ RIBS and CARTILAGO COSTAE ( 12 ) 12 pasang brhubungan langsung di bagian belakang dengan ke 12 vertebrae thoracalis 7 pasang costae teratas berhubungan langsung dengan sternum melalui cartilago costae TRUE RIBS / VERTEBROSTERNAL RIBS 5 pasang costae berikutnya FALSE RIBS Costae 8, 9, 10 VERTEBROCHONDRAL RIBS, melekat secara tidak langsung pada sternum melalui cartilago costae 7 Costae 11 ,12 pendek , tidak melekat pada sternum FLOATING RIBS STERNUM (dibentuk 3 tulang) : Manubrium sterni, Corpus sterni dan Processus Xiphoideus Protects the heart and lung Support tulang gelang bahu (cingulum extremitas superior) CINGULUM EXTREMITAS SUPERIOR & EXTREMITAS SUPERIOR CINGULUM EXTREMITAS SUPERIOR Tdd. 5 tulang : Manubrium sterni 2 Clavicula 2 Scapula
Menyangga lengan atas dan tempat perlekatan otot-otot yang menggerakkan lengan atas
2.3 JOINT ( ARTICULATION ) There are two systems for classification : According amount of movement they allow According to their structure ( the convention followed here )
A joint called : SYNARTHROSIS ( IMMOVABLE ) AMPHIARTHROSIS ( SLIGHT MOVEMENT ) DIARTHROSIS ( FREELY MOVABLE ) SYNARTHROSIS ( IMMOVABLE )
Occur where fibrous connective tissue joints bone to bone fibrous joint
Sutures, in the cranial vault and face; and are immovable AMPHIARTHROSIS ( SLIGHT MOVEMENT )
Where bones are joined by hyalin cartilage or fibrocartilage cartilaginous joints
Slightly movable
The pubic symphysis, the joint between the two pubic bones DIARTHROSIS ( FREELY MOVABLE ) Bone ends do not contact each other, but are enclosed in a capsule Generally freely movable
Two bones are separated by a joint cavity is lined by a synovial membrane, which produces synovial fluid, a lubricant for the joint
Ligament, which are composed of dense regular connective tissue, bind the two bones and add even more stability MOVEMENT PERMITTED BY SYNOVIAL JOINTS Skeletal muscles are attached to bones by tendons that cross joint. When a muscle contracts, one bone moves in elation to another bone
Types of movement :
ANGULAR MOVEMENT CIRCULAR MOVEMENT SPECIAL MOVEMENT ANGULAR MOVEMENT FLEXION Decreases the joint angle EXTENTION Increases the joint angle ADDUCTION the movement of body part toward the midline ABDUCTION The movement of the body part laterally, away from midline
CIRCULAR MOVEMENT
CIRCUMDUCTION The movement of the body part in a wide, makes arm circle ROTATION The movement of a body part around its own axis: The arm is twisted toward the trunk ( MEDIAL ROTATION The arm away from the trunk ( LATERAL ROTATION ) SUPINATION The rotation of the forearm the palm in upward PRONATION Is the opposite, the movement of the forearm the palm is downward SPECIAL MOVEMENT
INVERSION Turning the foot so that the sole faces inward EVERSION Turning the foot so that the sole faces outward ELEVATION and DEPRESSION Refer to the lifting up and down, respectively, of a body part Shrug shoulder Move jaw up and down