Purpose of Presentation

By the end of this presentation, you will

be able to:
Identify types of Control valves
Control Valves Parts
Control Valves Characteristic


Flow of Presentation
What is a Control Valve?
Types Of Control Valve
Parts of Control Valves.
Control Valve Characteristics
Problems Effects Performance

What is a Control Valve?
Control valves are valves used
to control following Process
variables.

Flow
Pressure
Temperature
Level

By fully or partially opening or
closing in response to signals
received from controllers .



Types Of Control Valves



Globe Valve
Butterfly Valve
Ball Valve
Angle Valve
Main Part of Control valve
Control Valve
Actuator
Valve Body
Positioner
Valve Body
Positioner
Actuator


Detail overview of Control Valve
Control Valve Actuator
Control Valve Actuator
Moves valve stem and plug relative to the
controller signal.
Provide fail-safe position for the valve.
Typically operates on a pneumatic signal.
Actuator Types
Pneumatic spring diaphragm
Pneumatic spring return piston
Double-acting piston
Actuators
Spring and Diaphragm
(Reverse Acting)

Spring Return Piston
Types of Pneumatic Actuator
Actuator Types
Pneumatic
Piston
Diaphragm
Single acting
Double acting
Single acting
Double acting
Rack & Pinion
Piston
Diaphragm
Positioner
Three Types
Pneumatic
Electro-pneumatic
Digital
Provides mechanical
feedback to ensure
accurate control.
Increases reliability
Increases
dependability
Increases wear life
Major Parts of Control Valve Body
TRIM
Plug
Cage
Seat
Flow Characteristics
Flow characteristics fall into three major
categories: quick opening, linear and
equal percentage
Flow Characteristics

Valve flow characteristic curves are usually
shown by plotting CV versus valve stem travel.


% Maximum Lift
0
0
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
IST-R00-(171A)
Cv Equation
Liquid Sizing



Valve Flow Coefficient (Cv):
The number of U.S. gallons per minute of 60F
water that will flow through a valve with a one pound
per square inch pressure drop.
P
G
Q C
f
gpm V

G
f
= specific gravity at fluid temperature
P = valve differential pressure in PSI
Control Valve Sizing
Exercise

Q
gpm
P
2 P
3
P
1
System Friction Drop
G
f
= 0.8
100% 50% 110%
Q
gpm
100 50 110
P
1
130 130 130
P
2
100 32.5 118.9
P
3
10 10 10
P
valve

30 96.5 11.1
C
V
16.3

4.6

29.5

Problems Effect Performance
1. Local Pressure
Drops Below Fluid
Vapor Pressure, P
v

2. Vapor Bubble
Forms
3. Pressure Recovers
Above P
v

4. Collapse of Vapor
Back to Liquid
5. Addition of
Turbulence & Noise

P<P
v

P>P
v
Flow
Vena Contracta
Cavitation
Problems Effect Performance
Flashing:

Similar to the Cavitation, however
collapsing of bubble at vena-contracta
does not occur due to downstream
pressure less than of vapor pressure.

Flashing may cause of erosion of Trim.
Cavitation Phenomena
P
1
V
1
V
2
P
2
P
vapor
V
vc
Cavitation Flashpoint
P
vc
Pressure
Velocity
Local Fluid Pressure Drops Below Fluid
Vapor Pressure
Formation of
Vapor Bubbles
Downstream Pressure Recovery
Above Vapor Pressure
Bubbles
Collapse
Cavitation & Flashing Damage
Problems Effect Performance
Packing friction
effects dead band
and speed of response
Mechanical linkages
effects dead band
Positioner design
effects dead band and speed
of response
(optional in some designs)
Actuator design
effects speed of response