Introduction To Marine Automation

ISAThe Instrumentation, Systems, and Automation Society
Automation
Introduction to Marine Automation

Learning Objectives
Define what is meant by Instrumentation
Define:
Process control
Measurement
Accuracy
Repeatability
Resolution
Hysteresis
Sensitivity
Precision
Reproducibility
Learning Objectives
Explain the three (3) variables involve in process control
Manipulative variable
Disturbance
Controlled variable
Describe simple process control loops using a block
diagram
Explain the difference between open and closed loop
State the essential requirement for automatic operation
of machinery
Learning Objectives
Differentiate pneumatic, hydraulic and electro-technical
control systems
Differentiate analog and digital device

Short History of Instrumentation and
Control
3 BC float valve on a water clock is the first control device
recorded being used
1750-1850 Scottish Engineer James Watt devised the flyball
governor for steam engine was the 1
st
significant control
invention
1850-1900 - Siemens invented first dynamo machine. Brown
Instrument Co., Honeywell and Fisher governor companies were
established
1900-1920 Ervin Bailey invents Bailey Boiler Meter,
pneumatically operated instruments are made available and On-
off controllers are widely used in the process industry
Control (Continued)
1920-1940
Bailey Controls introduces the 1
st
multi-pointer guage and installs
1
st
recording instrument on a marine boiler.
Leeds & Northrup introduces the 1
st
conductivity recorder and
pioneered the development of glass pH electrodes.
Foxboro begins marketing the 1
st
proportional plus reset
recorder/controller. Instrumentation grows with over 600
companies selling instruments.
Taylor Instrument Co. markets its Model 56R the 1
st
adjustable
proportional controller.
Leeds & Northrup introduces the first conductivity gas analyzer
Control (Continued)
1940-1960
Coleman B. Moore fouds Moore Products. G.B.
Hoadley receives a patent or LVDT.
Lead sulphide infrared detectors are develop by Gudden in
Germany.
Taylor Instruments develops the Fulscope 100 which has three
respnse sensitivity, automatic reset and a pre-act (PID).
John Ziegler and Nathaniel Nichols of Taylor Instruments develop
the Ziegler-Nichols method of basic controller tuning.
The ISA was born.
First all-electronic instrument was manufactured by Foxboro
named Dynalog.
Control (Continued)
1940-1960
Miniature pneumatic controls were develop.
Computers were use in instrumentation and controls.
Electro-magnetic and ultrasonic flowmeters were
develop.
Capacitance pressure sensors was develop and
Beckmen Instruments markets the 1
st
gas
chromatograph.
The 1
st
transistorized temperature controller was
develop by Honeywell.
Control (Continued)
1960-Present
Solid state electronics experience tremendous growth while
pneumatic controllers lose their dominance in the market.
Computers are used more often for industrial applications.
The vibrating viscocity meter is develop by Tough, McCormick
and Dask.
Bailey install 1
st
automated boiler control system aboard the S.S.
Wiliam G Mather and the S.S. CapeBreton Miner.
Fuzzy logic was termed and applied. Micro-miniaturization
started a revolution in the manufacturing industry.
Control (Continued)
1960-Present
Chance Pilkington release 1
st
fiber optic and HP introduces
LEDs.
Honeywell begins development of DCS.
Maturation of computer technology dramatically advances the
field of instrumentation and control.
Masoneilan revolutionizes control valves with the invention of the
Camflex the 1
st
general rotary stem valve.
First in-situ oxygen sensor was introduced by Westinghouse
Electric.
Control (Continued)
1960-Present
Honeywell and Yokogawa introduced the 1
st
industrial application
of distribution digital electronics in process control.
Texas Instruments markets the 1
st
PLC with true process
capabilities.
Applications of microprocessors, telemetry, ultrasonics and
modeling techniques lead to major advances in biomedical
instrumentation.
Leeds & Northrrup develops the 1
st
self-tuning automatic
controller and fiber-optic data highway.
Control (Continued)
1960 to Present
Honeywell introduces the St 3000 Smart transmitters.
USDATA introduces FactoryLink the 1
st
PC-based
application enabler software product for SCADA.
FieldBus becomes the talk of the town.
SAAB tank Control pioneers a new non-contact radar
method measurement for levels of liquid in LPG and
LNG tanks.
ISO 900X certification for Instrumentation
Manufacturers
Matter
Is anything that occupies space and has weight
An important factor determining the form of
matter is its energy level
Matter exist in one of three physical forms
Solid
Liquid
Gas
Properties of Matter
Physical Properties the qualities of substances usually
identified to our senses of sight, sound, smell, touch and
taste
Color
Smell
Insolubility
Chemical Properties defined as how a substance
reacts during chemical change
Oxidation (rust)
Reduction
Corrosion
Matter
Elements a substance that cannot be broken down
into simpler chemical form
Atom the smallest possible quantity of an element
Molecules are the smallest quantity of a material
made up of multiple atoms/elements that still retains the
properties of that substance
Molecules can be broken down chemically in to
elemental atoms that have completely different
characteristics from the original molecule
Matter
No matter what form , all molecules within a substance are in
constant motion
The higher the level of energy the higher the motion
The amount of space that a substance occupies is called volume
Solids have a definite shape and definite volume
Liquids have a definite volume but do not have a definite shape
Gasses do not have a definite volume and do not have a definite
shape. Its volume and shape is defined by its container
Fluids is a liquid or a gas substance that can flow
Energy
Energy is define as the capacity to do work
Potential energy is energy due to position
Kinetic energy is energy of motion
Kinetic energy of a process fluid can be determined by
measuring its flow rate
Internal energy comes from the motion of molecules
within the material
Internal energy will flow from a warmer body to a cooler
body until equilibrium is reached
Energy
Heat is transferred in three ways:
Conduction Heat flows through a material by
conduction from atom to atom. Materials that do not
conduct heat well are called thermal insulators.
Example is cooking with the use of frying pan

Convection heat is transferred by the motion of
thermal current. Example is cooking by hot air furnace or
oven

Radiation Heat is transferred via burst of radiation
energy. Example is the sun heats up the inside of a closed
car
Measurement
Regardless of its use, every measurement must
have a number and a unit or label to have a
meaning
Measurement are made by comparing
something to a scale
Industry around the world uses either English,
Metric or International System of units (SI).
Definitions
Instrumentation a collection of instruments
or their applications for the purpose of
observation, measurement or control (ISA)

Measurement is the extraction of signals
from physical and chemical systems or
processes which represents parameters or
variables
Definitions
Process
a natural progressively continuing operation or
development marked by a series of gradual
changes that succeeds one another in a relatively
fixed way and leads towards a particular result or
end (Webster)
consist of an assembly of equipment and material
that relates to some manufacturing operation or
sequence (ISA)
Process Control
is a technique of balancing supply and demand
over a period of time at a pre-determined level of
operation called set point
Definitions
Accuracy
conformity of an indicated value to an accepted
standard value or true value
Repeatability
the closeness of agreement among a number of
consecutive measurements of the output for the
same value of input under identical operating
conditions
Resolution
the smallest interval between two adjacent
discrete details which can be distinguished on
from the other
Definitions
Hysteresis
the maximum difference obtained as an output for
the same input between the upscale and
downscale output values during a full range
transverse in each direction
Sensitivity
the ratio of change in output to the change in
input magnitudes
Definitions
Precision
the closeness of agreement between test results
Reproducibility
the ability of a system of elements to maintain its
output/input precision over a relatively long period
of time
Examples of a Process:
1. Mixing of fluids.
2. Heating or cooling of substances.
3. Pumping out of water.
4. Canning food.
5. Deriving gasoline from crude.
6. Many more..
Difference between a
System and a Process:
Often in the past, the term process was
applied to a plant, that is, to the process
itself as well as all of the piping, valves,
and equipment need to manufacture a
product. In order to use the term
accurately, process should describe what
is occurring within a system.
Instrumentation Devices
Direct observation of actions or events
necessary to most processes, is not
possible but the observation or monitoring
of process parameters is a critical aspect of
control. Consequently, processes can be
monitored and controlled through the use of
various Instrumentation Devices.
Process Variable
Instrumentation systems are a group of
instruments or their application for the
purpose of observation, monitoring, or
control
The system has the necessary
measurement and control components to
maintain the process within the proper
limits. In most cases, process parameters
are referred to as Process Variables.
Process Variable
A variable is a property of a substance that may change
The devices used to measure and control process variables are called
process instruments
A measuring instrument may:
Determine if a particular process variable exist in a material
Determine value for that material
A control instrument may:
Cause a variable to be maintained at a set value or within set limits
Cause a change in the process that changes the value of the
variable in a known way
Cause another mechanism such as a valve to control process
variable
Process Variable
A variable is a property of a substance that may change
The devices used to measure and control process variables are called
process instruments
A measuring instrument may:
Determine if a particular process variable exist in a material
Determine value for that material
A control instrument may:
Cause a variable to be maintained at a set value or within set limits
Cause a change in the process that changes the value of the
variable in a known way
Cause another mechanism such as a valve to control process
variable
Typical Process Diagram
MANIPULATIVE
VARIABLE
CONTROLLED
VARIABLE
PROCESS
DISTURBANCE
Simple Process Control Loop
CONTROLLER
CONTROL ELEMENT
MEASUIREMEN T
PROCESS
DISTURBANCES
INPUT
SET-POINT
OUTPUT

PROCESS

input

output
Disturbances

FCE
Primary
Measuring
Element
Secondary
Element
Feedback
(control loop)

Correction

Comparison

Measurement

The figure shows the relationship of the 4 Basic Functions of an
Automatic Control System and its 3 Control Elements

Computation

Elements of a Control Loop
Elements of a Control Loop
Measurement conversion of the process variable in to
an analog or digital signal that can be use by the control
system
Evaluation measurement value is examined, compared
with a desired value or set-point, and the amount of
corrective action needed to maintain proper control is
determined
Control is the device in the control loop that exerts direct
influence on the process or the manufacturing sequence
1. SELF REGULATING

HOT H2O

COLD H2O

STM
HEATER

2. MANUAL CONTROL W/ INDICATING
INSTRUMENT

HOT H2O

COLD H2O

STM
HEATER

3.AUTOMATIC CONTROL

HOT H2O

COLD H2O

STM
HEATER

Pneumatic Control Systems
Less expensive initially in spite of tubing and air supply
cost
No heat generation and safe in explosive atmosphere
Less susceptible to power supply variation but do have
time lag
Direct applications, without transducers to large final
power actuators
Simple system design
Short commissioning and set-up period
Higher maintenance cost
Pneumatic Control Systems
Hydraulic Control Systems
Similar to the advantages of pneumatic control
systems
More appropriate for high pressure, power or work
requirements
Generally more restricted in application
Requires hydraulic oil compared to pneumatics
which uses air which is free
Recovery-storage system is required for not
allowing fluid to escape
Hydraulic Control Systems

Electro-Technical Control System
Small and adaptable with cheap flexible transmission
lines
No moving parts, can however generate heat
Stable, generally accurate and very short time lag
Low power consumption, direct application to
computers, but often need final control element or
transducers
Lower maintenance cost
Better suited for long distance transmission
Superior dynamic response
Electro-Technical Control System
Definitions
Digital
A term applied to a signal or device that uses binary
digits to represent continuous values or discrete
states
Analog
A term applied to a physical signal or variable which
remains similar to another variable in so far as the
proportional relationship are the same over some
specific range (McGraw-Hill Dictionary)
a signal or a device that represents a variable which
may be continuously observed or continuously
represented over a range
Difference Between Analog and
Digital Device
Analog
Takes an infinite number
values
More accurate in reproducing
a quantity, variable or signal
May be transmitted over
greater distance but subject
to energy loss
Operator error is more likely
Instantaneous representation
of measured variable
Digital
Variables are limited to
defined states
Less susceptible to noise
May be transmitted over long
distance at greater efficiency
Operator error is less likely
Conversion of signal may
incur error depending on
sampling rate
Uses Binary Number system

Introduction To Marine Automation

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