Electricity

Electric Field

electric field
region where a charge experiences a force
experiment 2.1 (pg 29) PLEASE COPY


Aim
To map the electric field around metal
electrodes
Apparatus
extra high tension (EHT) source, metal
electrodes, petri dish, love grass, castor oil
Procedure
1. Petri dish is filled with castor oil to a depth
of 0.5 cm. a thin layer of love grass is
sprinkle over the surface evenly
2. The electrodes are place in the castor
oil. The positive and negative terminals of
the EHT power supply is connected to the
electrodes. The supply is adjusted to 3000
- 4000 V. when voltage is switch on,
observation is made
3. Electrodes of different shapes and
arrangments is tested.
observation
Conclusion
Describe the patterns of electric fields
obtained: -
The patterns of electric field does not cross
each other
Discussion
1. Describe the direction of the electric field
lines in the experiment?
Positive to negative
2. How is the strength of an electric field
indicated with field lines?
The closer the lines, the stronger the electric
field
3. When the EHT supply is switched on, the
love grass move until they form the
patterns that is observed. Why do they
move?
There is electric force
next class, copy in your exercise book
experiment 2.2
title
aim
apparatus
figure 2.2.1 & figure 2.2.2
procedure
result A & B
conclusion
Discussion
stand up in place
assalamualaikum & good morning
doa
notebook, index : charged object in electric
field
aim
to investigate the effects of charged object
placed in electric field
apparatus
EHT power supplyl, metal plates, retort
stands, ping-pong ball coated with
conducting materials, nylon thread,
candle, matches
Procedure
1. a) The apparatus is set up as shown in
figure.
b) The EHT power supply is switvh on and
the ping-pong ball is charged by contact
with one of the elecctrodes. What happen
to the movement of the ping-pong ball is
observed.
c) The potential difference of the elctrodes
is varied. The observation is compared.
2. The ping-pong ball is replaced with a
lighted candle as shown in figure. What
happen to the shape of the candle flame is
observed.
Results
A) Experiment with
ping-pong ball

Procedure Observation
a) When the ping-
pong ball touches
with one of the
electrodes
The ping-pong ball
oscillates
b) When the
potential difference
is increased
oscillate faster
c) When the
potential difference
is decreased
oscillate slower
Results: Experiment with ping pong ball
Procedure Observation
a) When the ping-pong
ball touches with one
of the electrodes
The ping-pong ball
oscillates
b) When the potential
difference is increased
oscillate faster
c) When the potential
difference is decreased
oscillate slower
B) Experiment with candle flame:
Draw the shape of the candle flame placed
in an electric field

Conclusion
What effect does the electric field have on
a charged object?
The effects of attraction and repulsion.
Equal sign repels. Different sign attracted.
Discussion
1. What difference do you notice in the
movement of the ping-pong ball before
and after it is charged? Give an
explanation for your observation.
Before charged : Not moving
After charged: Oscillated
Explanation:

Before charged, ping-pong is neutral
When touches the negative plates, it
become negatively charged.
The negatively charged is repelled by the
negative plate and attracted by the
positive plate.
When touch the positive plate, it neutralize
and charged positive.
Positive charge repels and attracted to the
negative plate.
Oscillation occur until voltage is switch off.
2. Draw diagrams showing the charge on
the electrodes & the ping-pong ball when it
a) touches the electrode
+ +
+ +
+ +
+ +
- - -
- - -
- - -
- - -
-
-
b) touches the opposite electrode

+ +
+ +
+ +
+ +
+ +
- - -
- -
- - -
- - -
- - -
+
3. Explain the shape of the candle flame
when it is placed in an electric field
positive ions attracted
to negative electrodes
and vice versa.
the heavier positive
ions occupy larger
proportion of flame.
the lighter negative
ions occupy smaller
proportion
Today lesson, we have learnt that
There are two types of electric charge
namely positive charge and negative
charge.
Like charge repel each other.
Unlike charge attract each other
Unit of charge is Coulomb, C.
Experiment 2.3 (pg 33) How does it works?
Electric current
Aim: To investigate the relationship
between electric charges and electric
current.
Apparatus: Van de Graff generator,
connection wires, galvanometer, metal rod
Procedure:
1. The apparatus is set up as shown in
Figure. The galvanometer reading is check
before the Van de Graff generator motor is
switched on.

2. A metal rod is used to test whether the
dome is charged.
3. Van de Graaff generator motor switch is
switch on.
4. After a few minutes, the presence of
charges on the dome of generator is
tested by using a metal rod.
5. The dome of the generator is touched
with the free end wire that is connected to
the galvanometer. The galvanometer
needle is observed closely.
6. The motor of the Van de Graaff generator
is switch off. The dome of the wire is touch
again. The movement of the galvanometer
is observed.
Observation
Procedure Observation
a) The dome of Van de Graff
generator is tested with a metal
rod.
nothing happen
b) After the motor is switched
on, the dome is tested again
with a metal rod.
sparks occur
c) Connect a galvanometer to
the dome of the generator and
switch on the motor. Then
record the galvanometer when
it is switched off.
needle of galvanometer
deflect. when switch
off, reading is zero
Conclusion
Write a conclusion on the charged
produced.
Flow of charge produces current
Discussion
1.What do you conclude when there is a
deflection of the galvanometer needle.
There is current




2. What is the relationship between the
charge on the dome of the generator with
the deflection of the galvanometer needle?
Higher charge, higher deflection
3. How can you make sure that the Van de
Graff generator can be charged up when
the weather is humid
Use a hair dryer and blow on the dome

To test for this, on a low-humidity day try rubbing
your belt material on hair, fur, etc. Hairy arms do
nicely. If it becomes charged and will attract the
hair, the material is OK. If it will not charge up,
either the material is conductive and the excess
charge leaks away, or the air is too humid and
your test is spoiled because *everything* is
slightly conductive from the adsorbed surface
water. How to test the air humidity? Try rubbing
a balloon on your arm hair and check for
attraction. If rubbing a balloon doesn't electrify
its surface and make hair rise, the weather is too
humid, so therefor you cannot easily test your
belt material.
4. What will happen if you stand on a
plastic stool and touch the dome of the
Van de Graff generator while the motor is
switched on?
Hair will stand up straight
5. What will happen if you bring a metal rod
close to the charged dome of the Van de
Graff generator
Spark occurs
Further activity
Design other experiments that you can do
with a Van de Graff generator.
can u touch a 200 000 V ?
Electric Current and Potential
Difference
1. Potential difference (or known as voltage,
V) across an electrical device or two points
in a circuit is the work done, W to move a
unit coulomb of charge Q through the
device or point.
Potential difference = Work done
charge through the points
V = W
Q
2. Since work = energy
V = E
Q

Questions
a) When a charged metal dome of a Van
de Graff generator is discharged through a
resistive wire, it is found that 2 C of charge
is passed through it and 12 000 J of
energy has dissipated. What is the
potential difference across the wire?


Answer : 6000 V
b) In a closed circuit, a 6 V battery is used
to drive 40 C of electric charge through a
light bulb. How much work is done driving
the electric charge through the bulb?




Ans : 240 J
c) When a lightning strike, 25 C of charge
is transferred from the cloud to the surface
of the earth and 1.25 x 10 J of energy is
produced. Calculate the potential
difference between the cloud and the
surface of earth.


Ans: 5.0 x 10^8
Experiment 2.4
What is the inference for this experiment?
Inference: Potential difference affects electric
current
What is the hypothesisfor this experiment?
Hypotesis: When potential difference increases,
current increases
State the aim of this experiment?
Aim: To determine the relationship
between the potential difference and the
electric current flowing through an ohmic
and non-ohmic conductor.


State the manipulated variable:
Current
Responding variable:
voltage
constant variable:
temperature/lenght of constantan wire
Experiment 2.4
Inference: Potential difference affects
electric current
Hypotesis: When potential difference
increases, current increases
Aim: To determine the relationship
between the potential difference and the
electric current flowing through an ohmic
and non-ohmic conductor.
Procedure
1. The circuit is set up like shown in figure.
2. The current is measured with an ammeter and
the corresponding potential difference across
the constantan wire is measured with a
voltmeter.
3. Step 2 is repeated to get four more sets of
ammeter and voltmeter reading.
4. The experiment is repeated by replacing the
constantan wire, which is an ohmic conductor
with an electric bulb which is a non-ohmic
conductor

from the procedure, answer this
questions
What is the function of an ammeter?
to measure current
what is the function of a voltmeter?
to measure potential difference
what is the difference between ammeter
and galvanometer?
the zero scale of ammeter starts from the
left, but for galvanometer the zero scale is
in the middle.
-
galvanometer can deflect left or right, but
ammeter can only deflect to the right.
What is the meaning of ohmic conductor?
conductor that obeys Ohm's Law
What is the meaning of non-ohmic
conductor?
Conductor that does not obey Ohm's Law
State Ohm's Law
The potential difference across a
conductor is directly proportional to the
current passing through it provided that
the temperature and other physical
conditions remains unchanged.

Complete the following sentences
1. To measure potential difference across
a conductor, a voltmeter is connected
____________ with the conductor
2. To measure current across a conductor,
an ammeter is connected
_________________ with the conductor.
What is the function of rheostat?
to adjust the amount of current flow
Result: The reading of I and V for
constantan wire and light bulb


Constantan wire
I/A V/V
0.28 0.18
0.32 0.20
0.36 0.22
0.40 0.24
Light bulb
I/A V/V
0.24 1.0
0.26 1.9
0.28 2.5
0.30 3.0
Conclusion
1. Draw grpahs of potential difference, V
against current I for both sets of readings.
Title
x-axis is the I/A, y-axis is the V/V
uniform scale
correct plotting
best fit line for constantan wire
upward curve for non-ohmic conductor

Ohmic conductor
copper wire
constantan wire




Non-ohmic conductor
filament of light bulb
2. Make a conclusion about the
relationship between V and I for both
ohmic and non-ohmic conductors.
for ohmic conductor, when current
increases, voltage increases. For non-
ohmic, when I increases, V increases too.
the slope of the graph V/I equals
resistance
3. Do your results support your
hypothesis?
Yes
Discussion
1. What precaution must you take in order
to obtain more accurate results?
for constantan wire make sure the switch
is off when not taking reading. this is to
avoid increasing in temperature
make sure the connection is tight
2. Why are the two graphs in the
experiment different from each other?
for constantan graph temperature is
constant but for light bulb the temperature
is not constant.
Further activity
1. A student conducts a similar experiment on an
electroyte that conducts electricity.
2. The results he obtained is recorded in table
below
Voltage across the
electrolyte V/V
1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0
current, I/A 0.5 0.8 1.0 1.1 1.1
3. Draw a graph of V against I and
determine whether the electrolyte is an
ohmic or non-ohmic conductor.
4. From the constantan graph of previous
experiment, determine its resistance.
Show in your graph.
Resistance is defined as the ratio of
potential difference to current flow

R = V
I
the unit for resistance is VA or ohm ()

Factors Affecting Resistance
1. Length
longer the length, bigger the resistance
2. Cross sectional area
smaller the cross sectional area, bigger
resistance
3. Type of material
copper has lower resistance compared to
constantan
4. Temperature
higher temperature higher resistance
Questions
a) When the potential difference of 12 V is
applied across a conductor, it is found that
the current passing through the conductor
is 0.2 A. What is the resistance of
conductor?



Ans: 60
b) What is the potential difference across a
light bulb of resistance 5 when the
current that passes through it is 0.5 A?




Ans: 2.5 V
Electric charges and electric current

where Q = charge, unit coulomb, C
I = current, unit ampere, A
t = time, unit second, s
Q = total charge, unit, C
n = number of electron
e = charge of 1 electron, 1.6 x 10
-19
C
Questions
1. Electric charges flow through a light bulb
at the rate of 20 C every 50 second. What
is the electric current shown on the
ammeter?




ans: 0.4 A
2. A miliammeter shows a reading of
200mA. What is the rate of flow of charge
per minute? What is the number of
electrons flowing in 1 minute? (the charge
of 1 electron = 1.6 x 10
19
C)



Ans: 12 C, 7.5 X 10
-19

5 x 10
18
electrons flow through a light bulb in
20 seconds. What is the electric current
flowing through the bulb? (the charge of 1
electron = 1.6 x 10
19
C)


answer: 0.04 A
4. The current flowing through a resistor is
0.3 A. What is the time required for 60 C of
charge flow through the resistor?



Ans: 200 s
5. When lightning strikes between two
charged clouds, an electric current of 400
A flows for 0.05 s. What is the quantity of
charge transferred?



Ans: 20 C
Group Project
Activity 2.2.1 (page 57)
Do a report on
describing semiconductor
how the use of superconductors can influence the way
people
(a) live
(b) work
(c) travel
Describe any special application may be interest
report format
content
objective
acknowledgement
Describing superconductor
how superconductors can influence the way
people live, work and travel
describe any special application
references
appendix
Experiment 2.6 (page 40)
Aim: To investigate series and parallel
circuits
Apparatus: Switches, bulbs, batteries and
its holder, connecting wires
Procedure
1. The circuit is connect as shown in figure
2.6.1 (use 3 V battery)
The switch is turn on and observation is
done.
3. Bulb A is removed from its holder.
Observation is done.
4. Another circuit is connected like shown
in figure 2.6.2. (use 3 V battery)
5. Both switch P an Q is switched on.
Observation is done.
6. Switch Q is turn off. Observation is
done.
7. Bulb D is removed from its holder.
Switch Q is turned on. Observation is
done.
8. The circuit is connected like shown in
Figure 2.6.3 (Use 6 V battery)
Which bulbs connected in series and
which in parallel is determined.

Results for figure 2.6.1
Activity Observation
switch is left open
switch is closed
bulb A is removed
Results for figure 2.6.2
Activity Observation
switches are both open in
parallel circuit
switches are both closed in
parallel circuit
switch P is closed while
switch Q is open
both switches are closed
and bulb D is removed
from its holder
Results for figure 2.6.3
Which bulb are still
lighted when you
remove each of the
following bulbs from
its holder in the circuit
shown


Removing bulb Observation
E
F
G
H
J
Results for figure 2.2.3
Determine which bulbs are connected in
series and which are in parallel
Series -
Parallel -
Conclusion: How can you identify a
series and parallel circuits?
Series
a single pathway for
electrons
when one bulb goes
off, all the other bulbs
goes off.
become dimmer as
more bulbs are added
because added
resistant decreases
the current


Parallel circuits
separate path for the
flow of electrons
brightness of light
bulb remains the
same even though
adding more bulbs.
switches can be used
in each branch so that
certain components
can be turned on and
off without affecting
others
Discussion
1. Suggest a real life situation where
electrical appliances are connected in
series circuit.
decorative light strings
2. Give another situation where parallel
circuit is used.
household electrical wiring
Further Activity (practical book page 42)
1. Identify the types of connection used in
Figure 2.6.4 -
series
Figure 2.6.5 -
parallel
Figure 2.6.6 -
parallel
2. Identify the resistors connected in
parallel with the cell in Figure 2.6.7.
R1
3. In Figure 2.6.8, V1 and V2 are
voltmeters while A1 and A2 are ammeters.
Which ammeter and voltmeter are not
connected correctly?
V1, A1

SERIES AND PARALLEL CIRCUITS
JPN PAHANG EXERCISES
EXPERIMENT 2.8 (pg 45)
E.m.f and potential difference
Aim
To distinguish between e.m.f and potential
difference
Apparatus
resistor 1 , dry cell and its holder,
voltmeter (0 - 3V), ammeter (0 - 5 A),
switch, connecting wires

Figure 2.8
Procedure
1.A 1 resistor is connected across the
terminals of dry cell as shown in fugure
2.8.1
2. The reading of the voltmeter and
ammeter is recorded before closing the
switch
3. The switch is closed and the circuit is
completed. The net reading of voltmeter
and ammeter is recorded.

results
switch S
Ammeter
reading/A
Voltmeter
reading/V
opened 0.0 1.5
closed 0.2 1.4
conclusion
1. What is the voltmeter reading when
switch is closed?
1.4 V
2. What is the emf of the cell?
1.5 V
Discussion
1.What is the work done by the cell in
moving 1 C of charge around the complete
circuits?
1.5 V
2. What is the work done in moving 1 C of
charge across the resistor?
1.4 V

3. Why there is a difference in two
voltmeter reading measured?
V <E because voltage loss occurs due to
existance of internal resistor of battery
Electromotive force (e.m.f)
e.m.f is the work done to drive a unit of
charge through a complete circuit.

E = W/Q
where W = work
Q = charge
unit is JC
-1
or V
(the emf is equal to the potential difference
of a battery in an open circuit)
Potential Difference
Work done to move a unit charge from one
point to another point.

V = W/Q
SI unit is also V

The value of potential difference is smaller than
emf
example
the emf of a dry cell is 1.5 V.. What is the
dissipation of energy when the cell moves
a charge of 0.4 C throughout the circuit?


Ans : 0.6 J
Example
When a charge 3.75 x 10
4
C flows through
an electric heater, the electrical energy
has converted to heat energy 9 MJ.
Calculate the potential difference across
the electrical heater

Ans : 240V
Internal resistance
1. Opposition of current flow in battery.
2.If a battery has emf E and internal
resistant r, it is connected to an external
resistor of resistance R as shown in figure,
then by Ohm's Law

E = I(R +r)
E = V + Ir
V is known as terminal potential difference
Ir is voltage loss due to internal resistance

example
When a battery is connected to a high
resistance voltmeter, the reading of the
voltmeter is 6 V. When the battery is
connected in series to a 3 resistor, the
reading of the voltmeter becomes 4.5 V
Find
(a) the emf
(b) the current flow
(c) the internal resistant of the battery
Solution
(a) emf = 6 V
(b) I = V/R = 4.5/3 = 1.5 A
(c) E = V + Ir
6 = 4.5 + 1.5 r
r = 1
P3 melaka fizik 2009
skema
Question 2
a)i) decreasing linearly
a)ii) 3.5 V
a)iii) electromotive force (e.m.f)
b) m = 1.5 -3.5/1.2 - 0 = -1.67 VI
-1
c) 2.5 V
d) 7.5
Electrical Energy and Power
Measured in joule, J or kilowatt-hour kW h
P = E/t
where E is elecrtrical energy
t is time
Other formula
P = VI
P = VIt
P = V
2
/R
unit is watt (W) or J s
-1

Other equilvalent formula
E = Pt
E = VIt
E = I
2
Rt
E = V
2
/R (t)

Cost of electricity = total units of elecricity
consumed x cost of 1 unit electricity
example
A 2kW kettle containing water has been
switched on for 4 minutes. Assume that
there is no energy loss to the surrounding,
what is the electrical energy converted to
heat up the water?

Ans : 4.8 x 10
5
J
Example
Four 2500 W air conditioners are turned
on for 8 hours a day. Given that the cost of
1 unit electricity is RM0.30. Calculate the
cost of electricity in the whole month of
September.
solution
total units of electrical consumed = 4 x 2.5
x (8 x 30)
= 2400 kW h
Total cost of electricity= 2400 x RM0.30
= RM 720
example: table shows 4 types of electrical
appliances
electrical
appliances
power 9 (W) Power (kW) Time (hour)
Energy
consumed (kW
h)
kettle 1500 3
light bulb 60 6
vacuum
cleaner
0.8 5
iron 3 3
solution
electrical
appliances
power 9 (W) Power (kW) Time (hour)
Energy
consumed (kW
h)
kettle 1500 1.5 3 4.5
light bulb 60 0.06 100 6
vacuum
cleaner
800 0.8 5 4
iron 1000 1 3 3
Energy Efficiency of Electrical Appliances
Filament light bulb Fluorescent lamp
tungsten - high melting point
Consist of two electrodes - when electric
passes the mercury vapour emits uv light
and visible light
small cross sectional area, fine wire and
coiled so that it is longer - high R
3 times more energy saving
longer wavelength
Power rating
220 V
2000 W
Means that when a device is connected to a 220 V, in 1 s the energy
consumed is 2000 J.