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A building management system integrates various building services like HVAC, lighting and security into a centralized computer system to provide optimal functionality, energy savings and better information. Sensors, transducers, transmitters, controllers and actuators work together in control loops to automatically regulate factors like temperature, humidity and energy usage for improved efficiency, maintenance and hygiene. Direct digital control uses microprocessors to convert analog sensor signals into digital inputs for software-based control logic.
A building management system integrates various building services like HVAC, lighting and security into a centralized computer system to provide optimal functionality, energy savings and better information. Sensors, transducers, transmitters, controllers and actuators work together in control loops to automatically regulate factors like temperature, humidity and energy usage for improved efficiency, maintenance and hygiene. Direct digital control uses microprocessors to convert analog sensor signals into digital inputs for software-based control logic.
A building management system integrates various building services like HVAC, lighting and security into a centralized computer system to provide optimal functionality, energy savings and better information. Sensors, transducers, transmitters, controllers and actuators work together in control loops to automatically regulate factors like temperature, humidity and energy usage for improved efficiency, maintenance and hygiene. Direct digital control uses microprocessors to convert analog sensor signals into digital inputs for software-based control logic.
with a computerized control system. User benefits by Optimum functionality Energy savings Better information systems
Automatic controls help in Energy consumption Optimization of man power Accuracy & precision Easy maintenance and trouble shooting Longer plant life Hygiene & cleanliness
Sensor - A Sensor is a device that converts a physical property such as temperature, pressure, relative humidity, flow etc. into an electrically or mechanically measurable signal. Transducer - A transducer is a device that converts one form of energy to another form of energy such as pneumatic to electric or vice versa. Transmitter - Output from a sensor or a transducer may not be strong enough to be transmitted over long distances. Transmitter is a device used to amplify the signal. Controller - It is a device that compares the signal from a Sensor, Transducer or Transmitter with the desired value and generates a signal based on error. Actuator - It is an electric, pneumatic or a mechanical device which generally converts a low value signal to a signal with sufficient force to overcome the forces acting on control device and to actuate it.
Controlled Device - It receives signal from controller and varies the flow of control agent like water, air. It may be a damper or a valve connected to an actuator. Stat - Combination of sensor and controller functioning in one device is often called a stat like thermostat, humidistat, etc. Set-Point - It is desired value of the controlled variable. Process & Controlled Variable - In an air-conditioning system, parameter being controlled such as temperature, RH, pressure etc. is controlled variable and the changes in these parameters is due to influencing factors in process. Control Medium - It is the air, steam or water the flow regulation of which influences the process to get the desired value of controlled variable
TYPES OF INPUT DEVICES
Analog Input- Any input that varies with time for e.g. Temperature, humidity , Pressure
Digital Input- Any input that works on a two state mode ( 0 or 1)like on or off , clean/dirty.
Pulse input- Any input incremental in nature and totalizes over a period of time , KWH meter, water meter
Control Loop The process of controlling an HVAC system involves three steps. These steps include first measuring data, then processing the data with other information and finally causing a control action. These three functions make up what is known as a control loop Feed Back Control Loop Output
Controller
Feedback
Input
Comparator
BASIC CONTROL LOOP DDC CONTROL LOOP Controller The controller processes data that is input from the sensor, applies the logic of control and causes an output action to be generated. This signal may be sent directly to the controlled device or to other logical control functions and ultimately to the controlled device. The controllers function is to compare its input (from the sensor) with a set of instructions such as setpoint, throttling range and action, then produce an appropriate output signal. This is the logic of control. Controller Responses Control responses are typically one the following: Two-Position Floating Proportional (P only) Proportional plus Integral (PI) Proportional plus Integral plus Derivative (PID)
Two Position Control Two-Position Control Two-position control compares the value of an analog or variable input with instructions and generates a digital (two- position) output. The instructions involve the definition of an upper and lower limit. The output changes its value as the input crosses these limit values. There are no standards for defining these limits. The most common terminology used is setpoint and differential. The setpoint indicates the point where the output pulls-in, energizes or is true. The output changes back or drops-out after the input value crosses through the value equal to the difference between the setpoint and the differential. COOLING OFF COOLING ON Figure shows an example of two-position control where the thermostat is set to energize the Cooling system when the space temperature rises above 72 F and turn off when the temperature drops to 70 F in the space. This is an example of a setpoint of 70 F with a two-degree differential. Two Position Control-- Contd Two-position control can be used for simple control loops (temperature control) or limit control (e.g. Antifreeze thermostat). The analog value can be any measured variable including temperature, relative humidity, pressure, current and liquid levels. Time can also be the input to a two-position control response. This control response functions like a time clock with pins. The output pulls-in when the time is in the defined on time and drops out during the defined off time.
Floating Control Floating control is a control response that produces two possible digital outputs based on a change in a variable input. One output increases the signal to the controlled device, while the other output decreases the signal to the controlled device. This control response also involves an upper and lower limit with the output changing as the variable input crosses these limits. Again, there are no standards for defining these limits, but the terms setpoint and deadband are common. The setpoint sets a midpoint and the deadband sets the difference between the upper and lower limits Proportional Control A proportional control response produces an analog or variable output change in proportion to a varying input. In this control response, there is a linear relationship between the input and the output. A setpoint, throttling range and action typically define this relationship. In a proportional control response, there is a unique value of the measured variable that corresponds to full travel of the controlled device and a unique value that corresponds to zero travel on the controlled device. The change in the measured variable that causes the controlled device to move from fully closed to fully open is called the throttling range. It is within this range that the control loop will control, assuming that the system has the capacity to meet the requirements. The action dictates the slope of the control response. In a direct acting proportional control response, the output will rise with an increase in the measured variable. In a reverse acting response, the output will decrease as the measured variable increases Proportional plus Integral (PI) Control
PI control involves the measurement of the offset or error over time. This error is integrated and a final adjustment is made to the output signal from the proportional part of this model. This type of control response will use the control loop to reduce the offset to zero. A well set-up PI control loop will operate in a narrow band close to the setpoint. It will not operate over the entire throttling range Proportional plus Integral plus Derivative (PID) Control
PID control adds a predictive element to the control response. In addition to the proportional and integral calculation, the derivative or slope of the control response will be computed. This calculation will have the effect of dampening a control response that is returning to setpoint so quickly that it will overshoot the setpoint. PID is a precision process control response and is not always required for HVAC applications. The routine application of PID control to every control loop is labor intensive and its application should be selective.
Direct Digital Control (DDC DDC control consists of microprocessor- based controllers with the control logic performed by software. Analog-to-Digital (A/D) converters transform analog values into digital signals that a microprocessor can use. Analog sensors can be resistance, voltage or current generators Air Handling Unit and Chillers INPUT OUTPUT 1. RA temp sensor 3- way valve 2. RA humidity sensor Heater 3. Pressure switch across filter Fire dampers 4. Smoke sensor VFD for fan motor 5. ADP sensor Dampers at RA 6. Temp Dampers at fresh air 7. Flow meter/sensor (Pulse input) Humidifier 8. Fan status Dampers at exhaust INPUT OUTPUT 1. Pressure sensors across the chiller VFD of pump motor 2. Pressure sensors across the condenser Cooling tower fans 3. Inlet and outlet temperature of chilled water Makeup water tank 4. Inlet and outlet temperature of cooling water Pump on/off 5. Outlet temperature of cooling tower Chiller on/off 6. Flow switch at condenser/chiller Dampers at fresh air 7. Flow meter/sensor (Pulse input) 8. Current transformer 9. Voltmeter ,PF, Frequency meter
Power Requirements 1. The DDC units require UPS 24v ac Generally the VA ratings are very low and of the order of 4- 6va 2. The Analog sensors also require UPS Power of 24v ac. Output of sensors is 0 to 10v DC or 4 to 20 ma 3. VAV boxes may also have Controllers and they will need UPS power and this will be 24v ac. 4. The ups vendor may agree to provide 230v ac UPS power and we need to step down this voltage to 24v 5. Chillers and Precision units will also have Cards that demand 24 v ac UPS power. Some Chillers will have inbuilt CVTs and UPS power may not be required for the cards in such Chillers
COMMUNICATION
At the lowest level, bits are encoded in electrical, light or radio signals by the Physical layer. Some examples include RS-232,RS 485
A somewhat higher Data link layer such as the point-to-point protocol (PPP) may detect errors and configure the transmission system.
An even higher protocol may perform network functions. One very common protocol is the Internet protocol (IP), which implements addressing for large set of protocols.
A common associated protocol is the Transmission control protocol (TCP) which implements error detection and correction (by retransmission). TCP and IP are often paired, giving rise to the familiar acronym TCP/IP.
Twisted-Pair Cable Twisted-pair cable is a type of cabling that is used for telephone communications and most modern Ethernet networks. A pair of wires forms a circuit that can transmit data. The pairs are twisted to provide protection against crosstalk, the noise generated by adjacent pairs. When electrical current flows through a wire, it creates a small, circular magnetic field around the wire. When two wires in an electrical circuit are placed close together, their magnetic fields are the exact opposite of each other. Thus, the two magnetic fields cancel each other out. They also cancel out any outside magnetic fields. Twisting the wires can enhance this cancellation effect. Using cancellation together with twisting the wires, cable designers can effectively provide self-shielding for wire pairs within the network media. Two basic types of twisted-pair cable exist: unshielded twisted pair (UTP) and shielded twisted pair (STP).
When used as a networking medium, UTP cable has four pairs of either 22- or 24-gauge copper wire. UTP used as a networking medium has an impedance of 100 ohms Commonly used types of UTP cabling are as follows: Category 1Used for telephone communications. Not suitable for transmitting data. Category 2Capable of transmitting data at speeds up to 4 megabits per second (Mbps). Category 3 Can transmit data at speeds up to 10 Mbps. Category 4 Can transmit data at speeds up to 16 Mbps. Category 5Can transmit data at speeds up to 100 Mbps. Category 5e Used in networks running at speeds up to 1000 Mbps (1 gigabit per second [Gbps]).Bandwidth 100mhz Category 6 More stringent standards on noise and crosstalk.Bandwidth 250 mhz
UTP cable often is installed using a Registered Jack 45 (RJ-45) connector . The RJ-45 is an eight-wire connector used commonly to connect computers onto a local-area network (LAN).
Communication Cable
ATC 2C Twisted shielded cable is generally used
The comm. Route connecting Comm ports is also called
a. C BUS b. J BUS c. N2 BUS d. Field BUS
Comm Cable Limitations a. RS 232 :- 50 FT 15M b. RS 485 :- 1200 M c. TCP/IP :- NO LIMIT
PROTOCOLS BACnet Building Automation Control Networks BacNETBACnet is a network communications protocol for building automation and control systems. BACnet, the ASHRAE building automation and control networking protocol, has been designed specifically to meet the communication needs of building automation and control systems for applications such as heating, ventilating, and air- conditioning control, lighting control, access control, and fire detection systems and their associated equiptment. The BACnet protocol provides mechanisms by which computerized equipment of arbitrary function may exchange information, regardless of the particular building service it performs
ModBus Modbus is a serial communications protocol published by Modicon in 1979 for use with its programmable logic controllers (PLCs). It had become a de facto standard communications protocol in industry, and was the most commonly available means of connecting industrial electronic devices. The main reasons for the extensive use of Modbus over other communications protocols are: 1. it is openly published and royalty-free 2. it can be implemented in days, not months 3. it moves raw bits or words without placing many restrictions on vendors Modbus allows for communication between many devices connected to the same network, for example a system that measures temperature and humidity and communicates the results to a computer. Modbus is often used to connect a supervisory computer with a remote terminal unit (RTU) in supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) systems.
LON WORKS and Zigbee
LonTalk is a protocol created by Echelon Corporation for networking devices.Also called Lon Works ZigBee is a short range, low-powered wireless communication standard targeted at Building Automation.