CELL DIVISION

WHY CELL NEED TO DIVIDE?

TO REPLACE DEAD CELL & HEAL THE
WOUND
TO GROW
FOR REGENERATION IN CERTAIN
ANIMAL
IMPORTANT IN ASEXUAL
REPRODUCTION

C
E
L
L

D
I
V
I
S
I
O
N

NUCLEAR
DIVISION
MITOSIS Somatic cell
MEIOSIS
Reproductive
cell
CYTOPLASMIC
DIVISION
CYTOKINESIS
MITOSIS
Produce two daughter cell that are
genetically identical to each other and
parent cell
Each daughter cell contain the same
number of chromosomes
CHROMOSOMES
Chromosomes consist of long DNA molecules which
carries gene
Genes determine the individual characteristic of an
organism
Somatic cell have two sets of chromosomes = diploid(
2n)
This two set of chromosomes have same structural
features and called homologous chromosomes.
Reproductive cell have one set of unpaired
chromosomes= haploid (n)
CELL CYCLE- 2 PHASES( INTERPHASE & M
PHASE)
(The period of one cell is produced and completes
a cell division)
PROPHASE
O1 SPINDLE FIBRE
C - FULLY FORMED
O2 CHROMOSOMES
C VISIBLY SHORTER & THICKER
O3 NUCLEOLUS
C DISAPPEAR
O4 NUCLEAR MEMBRANE
C- DISAPPEAR

METHAPASE
O CHROMOSOMES
C ATTACHED TO THE SPINDLE FIBRE
C&E LINED UP ON THE METAPHASE PLATE

ANAPHASE
O1 SPINDLE FIBRE
C ATTACHED TO THE CENTROMERE
C&E CONTRACT & SHORTEN

O2 SISTER CHROMATID
C&E PULL APART TO THE OPPOSITE POLES


TELOPHASE
O1 SPINDLE FIBRES
C DISAPPEAR
O3 NUCLEAR MEMBRANE
C REGENERATE,SURROUNDING AROUND EACH SET OF
UNREPLICATED CHROMOSOME

CYTOKINESIS
PLANT CELL

ANIMAL CLONING
Http://learn.Genetics.Utah.Edu/content/cloning/clickandclone/
PROPHASE I
O
1
: chromosomes
C
1
: begin to condense
E
1
: become shorter, thicker
and clearly visible
O
2
: homologous
chromosomes
C
2
: come together to form
bivalents through a
process called synapsis
O
3
: Non-sister chromatids
C
3
: Crossing over between non-
sister chromatids at chiasmata
to exchange DNA segments.
O
4
: nucleolus and
nuclear membrane
C
4
: disappear
METAPHASE I
O: Homologous chromosomes
C: lined up side by side as tetrads on the metaphase
plate
E: One chromosome of each pair is attached to the
spindle fibre from one pole while its homologue is
attached to the fibre from the opposite pole.
ANAPHASE I
O: Homologous chromosome
C: pull by spindle fibre away to the opposite poles
of the cell.
E: only two chromosomes (each with two sister
chromatids) move towards each pole.
TELOPHASE I
O
1
: chromosomes
C
1
: arrive at the poles (Each pole now has a haploid daughter
nucleus because it contains only one set of chromosomes).
O
2
: spindle fibres
C
2
: disappear
O
3
: nuclear membrane
C
3
: reappears to surround each set of chromosomes
O
4
: nucleolus
C
4
: reappears in each nucleus
PROPHASE II
O
1
: The nuclear membranes of the daughter cells
C
1
: disintegrate again
O
2
: spindle fibres
C
2
: re-form in each daughter cell
METAPHASE II
O: chromosomes
C: Line up randomly on the metaphase plate
C: Each sister chromatid is attached to the spindle
fibres at the centromere.
ANAPHASE II
O
1
: centromeres
C
1
: separate
E
1
: the sister chromatids of each chromosome are now
individual chromosomes.
O
2
: chromosomes
C
2
: move towards the opposite poles of the cell.
TELOPHASE II
O
1
: chromosomes
C
1
: arrive at the poles (Each pole now has a haploid daughter
nucleus because it contains only one set of chromosomes).
O
2
: spindle fibres
C
2
: disappear
O
3
: nuclear membrane
C
3
: reappears
O
4
: nucleolus
C
4
: reappears in each nucleus