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Septic tanks - constructed below ground level near / within house - 3 5 5 in area and 750 gallon of sewage water filtered in it. Trickling filters - City sewage carried to soil compartment----------undergo physiochemical changes with soil. Soil degradation --------decline in the quality and quantity of soil --------due to - erosion - Salinization - Contamination - Drainage - Acidification - laterization and
Septic tanks - constructed below ground level near / within house - 3 5 5 in area and 750 gallon of sewage water filtered in it. Trickling filters - City sewage carried to soil compartment----------undergo physiochemical changes with soil. Soil degradation --------decline in the quality and quantity of soil --------due to - erosion - Salinization - Contamination - Drainage - Acidification - laterization and
Septic tanks - constructed below ground level near / within house - 3 5 5 in area and 750 gallon of sewage water filtered in it. Trickling filters - City sewage carried to soil compartment----------undergo physiochemical changes with soil. Soil degradation --------decline in the quality and quantity of soil --------due to - erosion - Salinization - Contamination - Drainage - Acidification - laterization and
near/within house 3*5*5 in area and 750 gallon of sewage water-----filtered in it Domestic sewage retained in tank long enough-------for decomposition and sedimentation Due to activity of anaerobic bacteria-----------organic matter hydrolyzed and fermented Trickling filters City sewage carried to soil compartment-----------undergo physiochemical changes with soil Trickle down the soil to the depth 2meter----------separate the suspending particles and organic matter from sewage Then decomposed by purifying bacteria Filtered water-----------drained out to natural reservoirs Most simple and cheap system of water purification
Soil pollution Causes, effects, control Soil is superficial covering that overlies the bedrock of most of the land area the earth Earth is an aggregation of unconsolidated mineral and organic particles produced by physical, chemical and biological processes-----and the medium that supports the growth of most plants Soil degradation-----decline in the quality and quantity of soil-----------due to Erosion Salinization Contamination Drainage Acidification laterization and loss of soil structure
Accelerated erosion---------------due to loss of soil by water, wind and mass movements---------action of vehicles and trampling feet of human and animals Loss of upper horizons containing OM and nutrient and thinning of soil profile------reduces crop yield on degraded soils Salinization-------concentration of abnormally high levels of salt (Na+) in soil sue to evaporation----------------in association with the irrigation---------plant death and loss of soil structure Contamination---------farmyard waste and sewage sludge (heavy metals), radioactive isotopes from nuclear weapons testing (chernobyl accident) and industrial processes wastes Acidic soils------------due to acid rain also loss OM Loss of soil structure-----------compaction by agri. Mechinery, cultivation in wet weather or dispersion of soil particles in subsoil Causes of soil pollution 1. Wide range of agrochemicals a. Fertilizer b. Pesticides c. Insecticides d. Fungicides e. Herbicides f. Rodenticides g. Acarcides 2. Other chemicals a. Soluble salts (from saline water resources, waste disposal, mining and road salt for deicing) b. Acid (from spills, chemical production, waste disposal) c. Alkalis (from spills, chemical production, cement kiln dust, improper disposals) d. Radionuclides (from mine tailings, nuclear bomb testing/production, accidental emmission) Effects of agrochemicals on soil quality Fertilizer Formation of acidic soil-----------due to indiscriminate use of fertilizers Nitrogen Legume-based rotation-----------Rhizobium N-fertilizer was applied in winter season Urea and ammonium sulphate----------produce acids Magnitude of leaching of anion and basic cations present in fertilizer Phosphorus SSP & AP Renewed interst-----------slow release of phosphate--------- phosphate rock (PR) SSP---------increase acidification of soil PR-----------decrease soil acidification Environmental effect of soil acidification 1. Acidic soil can produce elevated levels of soluble Al, Mn------------which are highly toxic to plant/crops 2. Acidic soil can impact on soil microflora-------- -------intrun effect the carbon dynamics of soil environment Effect of soil degradation Soil degradation is not alone------but have number of off-sites implication; 1. Soil erosion Increase flooding, siltation of rivers, lakes, reservoir and deposition of material in low laying areas 2. Salinization and sodification Poor quality irrigation 3. Soil acidification Al contamination of surface water 4. Migration of agrochemicals 5. Adverse effect on human/animal Ingestion by children Consumption by crops growing on such soils Control of soil pollution 1. Organic farming Which largely excludes the use of synthetically compounded fertilizer, growth regulators and livestock feed additives. Rely on crop rotation, crop residue, animal manures, legumes, green manure, off-farm organic wastes, mechanical cultivation, mineral-bearing rocks and biological control of pest----------------for soil productivity and tilth, plant nurtient supply, and control of insect, pest and weeds 2. Biological farming Use of biological instruments to monitor plant and soil condition Refractometer-------suger contents EC meter------energy released per gram of soil On basis of gathered data--------foliar spray and soluble nutrients are applied accordingly 3. Nature farming Parallels the organic farming but --------------special emphasis on soil health through compost rather than organic fertilizer 4. Regenerative agriculture Nature own inherent capacity to cope with pest, enhance soil fertility and increase productivity Re-create the resources that an ecosystem requires Low input and organic farming as farm work to achieve these goals 5. Permaculture (Permanent agriculture) Concerned with designing ecological human habitats and food production system Particular rule and principle for designing these systems 6. Alternative agriculture To substitute monoculture and continuous--------crop rotation and diversified agriculture To use genetically more uniform plant To use inorganic fertilizers (difficult-to-use organic manure) in combination with green manure To use herbicides and pesticides rather than more complex biological control mechanisms To make bigger fields by removing all vegetation between them 7. Ecological agriculture A sustainable agriculture backed-up by green technologies in an integrated farming system Environmental degradation, diminishing natural resources and food need of increasing population Gradual shift from chemical to ecological farming system Enough beneficial organisms-------------to check pest etc Sustainable and profitable approach
8. Integrated Intensive Farming System (IIFS) Intensive use of farm resources Intensive use of techniques, knowledge-intensive rather than capital-intensive Replaced market-purchased chemical input with farm-grown biological inputs 9. Low External Input Supply Agriculture (LEISA) Production activity that use synethetic fertilizer or pesticides below rates commonly recommended by extension services Does not mean elimination of these chemicals Yield are maintained by greater emphasis on cultural practices, IPM and utilization of on-farm resources and management 10. Remediation of chemically degraded soils Soil contamination determined by risk assessment, by policy and by best available technology
Marine pollution Noise pollution is caused when noise which is an unpleasant sound affects our ears and leads to psychological problems like stress, hypertension, hearing impairment, etc. It is caused by machines in industries, loud music, etc. Radioactive pollution is highly dangerous when it occurs. It can occur due to nuclear plant malfunctions, improper nuclear waste disposal, accidents, etc. It causes cancer, infertility, blindness, defects at the time of birth; can sterilize soil and affect air and water. Thermal/heat pollution is due to the excess heat in the environment creating unwanted changes over long time periods; due to huge number of industrial plants, deforestation and air pollution. It increases the earths temperature, causing drastic climatic changes and extinction of wildlife.