Cognitive Processes

Cognitive Processes- it is the

performance of some composite
cognitive activity and an operation that
affects mental contents.
Constructivism: A Holistic
Approach
to Teaching and Learning

What is Constructivism?
Basically, Constructivism says that
people construct their own understanding and
knowledge of the world through experiencing
things and reflecting on those experiences.
Constructivism is a learning theory

Learning is an active process
Knowledge is constructed from (and shaped
by) experience
Learning is a personal interpretation of the
world


Emphasizes problem solving and understanding
Uses authentic tasks, experiences, settings,
assessments
Content presented holistically not in
separate smaller parts
Views of
Constructivism
Characteristics of
Constructivism

Organizing Knowledge
Individual
Constructivism
Social
Constructivism

Constructivism
Views of Constructivism
1. Individual Constructivism

2. Social Constructivism
Individual Constructivism- it is also
called cognitive constructivism. It
emphasizes individual, internal
construction of knowledge...

Social Constructivism- it emphasizes
that knowledge exists in a social
context and is initially shared with
others instead of being represented
solely in the mind of an individual.

Characteristics of Constructivism

1. Learners construct understanding.
2. New learning depends on current
understanding.
3. Learning is facilitated by social
interaction.
4. Meaningful learning occurs within
authentic learning tasks.


Organizing Knowledge
Concept defined- concept is a way of
grouping or categorizing objects or
events in our mind.
Concepts as Feature Lists

a. Defining Feature

b. Correlational Feature

Concepts as Prototypes

A. Prototype- is an idea or a visual
image of a typical example.
Concepts as Exemplars

A. Exemplars- represent a variety of
examples.
Making Concept Learning Effective
Provide a clear definition of the
concept
Make the defining features very
concrete and prominent
Give a variety of positive instances
Give negative instances
Cite a best example or a prototype







Provide opportunity for learners to
identify positive and negative
instances
Ask learners to think of their own
example of the concept
Point out how concepts can be
related to each other
Provide opportunity for learners to
identify positive and negative
instances
Ask learners to think of their own
example of the concept
Point out how concepts can be
related to each other

Schemas and Scripts

Schema is an organized body of
knowledge about something. It is like a
file of information you hold in your mind
about something.

Script- is a schema that includes a
series of predictable events about a
specific activity.

Applying Constructivism in Facilitating
Learning

Aim to make learners understand a
few key ideas in an in-depth manner,
rather than taking up so many topics
superficially.
Give varied examples.
Provide lots of opportunities for
quality interaction
Provide opportunities for
experimentation.
Have lots of hands- on activities.
Relate your topic to real life situations.
Do not depend on the explanation
method all the time.