STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS IS A SCIENCE ,

HAVING DEFINITE VALUE.

BUT

STRUCTURAL DESIGN IS AN ART,
VARIES FROM DESIGNER TO DESIGNER

STRUCTURAL DESIGN IS AN ITERATIVE PROCESS

OF APPLYING ENGINEERING MECHANICS AND

PAST EXPERIENCE TO CREATE A FUNCTIONAL,

ECONOMIC, AND, MOST IMPORTANTLY, SAFE

STRUCTURE FOR THE PUBLIC TO ENJOY.
STRUCTURAL DESIGN IS AN EXPRESSION OF AN
UNDERSTANDING OF THE FLOW OF FORCES.

ITS MODERN REFINEMENT THROUGH HARD LESSONS
LEARNED FROM VARIOUS STRUCTURAL FAILURES.

USING STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS TECHNIQUES AND
CONFORMING TO DESIGN SPECIFICATIONS, THE DESIGN
ENGINEER WORKS TO CREATE A SOLUTION THAT IS TO
EVERYONE'S BENEFIT.


THE FLOW OF FORCES IS INITIALLY UNDERSTOOD
DIAGRAMATICALLY AND MATHEMATICALLY.

BASED ON THIS SCIENTIFIC UNDERSTANDING,
SKETCHES OF MEMBERS AND CONNECTIONS ARE
DEVELOPED.

STRUCTURAL DESIGN WHICH IS HIGHLY EXPRESSIVE OF
THE FLOW OF FORCES IS ALSO ASSOCIATED WITH
MODERN ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN.

STRUCTURAL DESIGN INCLUDES ACCOMMODATION FOR
THE PRACTICALITIES OF CONSTRUCTION, INCLUDING
ON SITE ASSEMBLY, SHOP ASSEMBLED COMPONENTS,
ACCESSIBILITY, AND MAINTENANCE.
COMPLETE KNOWLEDGE OF IS CODES.

KNOWLEDGE ON CIVIL ENGG ASPECTS ARTICLES
AND PRESENTATION, BOOKS & INTERNET.

DUCTILING DETAILMENT OF RCC STRUCTURES. TD DRS
, RCC NOTES, COMPLETED DRGS AND SP.

FAMILIAR WITH ANALYSIS AND DESIGN SOFTWARE.

SIMPLE DESIGN USING EXCELL SHEET.

INTERNATIONAL CODES AND DESIGN PROCEDURE.

KNOWLEDGE IN ACAD AND 3D MAX SOFTWARE.
1. Material Properties.
Cement - Grade 33, 43, 53- Comp strength of 5cm cube CM 1:2 after 28 days.
Concrete Grade and Minimum cement content based on
Exposure condition (Ref IS 456 Table 5)
Steel Grade- Fe250, Fe415, Fe500, Fe550, Yield strength of steel
Cover Based on Exposure condition and Fire Rating (Ref IS 456 Table 16&16A)
Slab-25mm, Beam 30mm, Column- 40mm, Footing 50/ 75 mm
Stress- Strain relation of concrete and steel
Confinement of steel in column
2. Member Property
Beam: Size, Steel rft size, Stirrups, 135 degree hook, Cover, Lapping, Ld, rft
for connecting two different beam size.
Column: Size, Min rft size and Nos, Hook, tie spacing & arrangement, Lapping
zone, Cover, Starter bar dist (300mm) , Rft for reducing column, core
area, spacing of rft (<75mm)
Slab : Minimum thickness, curtailment rules, Max spacing, Corner slab, ss slab
openings in slab, cantilever slab
Fdn : Base condition (Fixed/ Hinged), Min Rft, Cover, Slopping/ Pedestal,
Eccentric footing type, Pedestal rft, Load distribution to soil, Overlapping
Strip raft property, combined footing, strap beam, Horizontal force,
Water table, SBC( 80 to 200 KN/sqm),
Isolate - Combined - Raft - Pile Fdn due to load soil condition, M/C Fdn
3. Loads and Load Combination
Dead Load: Concrete 25 KN/Sqm, Brick 20 KN/Sqm
Live Load : As per IS 875 Part II
Wind Load : As per IS 875 Part III ( 0.75 to 1.5 KN/Sqm)
Seismic Load: as per IS 1893 ( Zone II to V)

Load Combination of above loads

4. Force and Moments Acting in RCC menber Steel

Axial Load Column Main Rft
Shear Force Beam Stirrups
Bending Moment Beam and Column Main Rft
Torsion Converted as Shear Force Beam Main &Stirrup
and Bending Moment

5 Cracked and Uncracked section Design
Elastic, Ultimate and Limit State Design
Load transfer (Concrete to steel, Cracking of concrete, Yielding of Steel)
Plastic Hinge Formation and Moment redistribution
Cover requirement and function
6. Nominal Mix and Design Mix
7. Difference between Wind and Earthquake load
8. T Beam action of Beam and Slab
9. Primary and Secondary beam concept (More rigidity absorb more moment)
10. Staircase details
11. Lift well details
12. OHT performance during earthquake loading
1. Familiar with IS 456, IS 13920 and SP 34 for rft detailment
2. Development length concept (Ld in Compression and Tension)
3. Lapping of rft in Beam, Column, Slab and Footing
4. Curtailment rules for Beam and Slab
5. Rft at Beam Column junction
6. Reinforcement details in two different section of Beam and Column
7. Reinforcement profile during bend
8. Water quality (Chloride and Sulphate)
9. Soil Content (Chloride and Sulphate)
10. W/C ratio control
11. Curing
12. Stripping period
13. Time for RMC use
14. Use of Vibrator, Concrete segregation
15. Lift Well size
16. Staircase starter bar
17. Anti-termite treatment
18. Water Proofing Treatment
19. Retaining Wall
20. Sump and Fire tank construction
LOAD COMBINATIONS
LOAD COMB COLLAPSE IS 456, T-18 IS 1893
DL LL WL EL
1.5 1.5
1.2 1.2 1.2(X&Z)
1.5 1.5(X&Z)
0.9 1.5(X&Z)
1.2 1.2 1.2(X&Z)
1.5 1.5(X&Z)
0.9 1.5(X&Z)
LOAD COMB SERVICE IS 456, T-18
DL LL WL
1.0 1.0
1.0 1.0(X&Z)
0.8 0.8 0.8(X&Z)
BEAM MEMBER
1. Depth of a beam varies from L/10 to L/15. In general ,1 length will have 1
depth ie L/12). But outer beam, without wall beam may be L/15 depth.. The
typical rules are as follows:
SL.NO MEMBER SPAN/OVERALL DEPTH RATIO
1. PLINTH BEAM 15 TO 18
2. TIE BEAM 18 TO 20
3. FLOOR BEAMS 12 TO 15
4. GRID BEAMS 20 TO 30
2. In 230 mm width, max 4 rods can be accommodated. With 2 legged stirrups
Extra rods are in the 2
nd
layer. Then increase the beam depth to
accommodate in 2
nd
layer. Max 5 rods with 4 legged stirrups.
3. Max 25 mm dia and min 12 mm dia bars are used. 32mm dia rods are
difficult to bend.
The section sizes are 9x9 9x12 9x15 9x18 9x21 9x24 12x18 12x21
12x24 12x30 12x36etc

The minimum size of reinforcement is 12mm diameter.

Maximum 4 bars in 230mm , 5 bars in 300mm width may be accommodated and
balance to be accommodated in the second layer.

Continuous top compressive reinforcement shall be minimum size, extra bars
shall be larger size.( For example 2-12# + 2-16# or 2-12# + 2-20#)

More than 750 depth , 0.2%of skin bars @the sides shall be provided.

The stirrups will be useful for resisting shear force .it does not contribute for
flexural strength.

Torsion will be corner to shear &moment . Additional reinforcement is considered
for extra shear and moment.

Minimum cover for beam is 30mm. Exposure condition and fire rating will be the
deciding factors for cover.

Curtailment rules are follow.
Beam sections should be designed for:

Moment values at the column face & (not the value at centre line as per analysis)

Shear values at distance of d from the column face. (not the value at centre line
as per analysis)

Moment redistribution is allowed for static loads only.

For beams spanning between the columns about the weak axis, the moments
at the end support shall be reduced more and distributed and the span moments
shall be increased accordingly to account for the above reduction.

Moment distribution shall be done in such a way that 15% of the support moments
shall be added to the span moment without the support moments getting reduced.

The section within the span shall be designed for the increased span moment
which will account for the concentrated & isolated loading that may act within
one span.

Moment redistribution is not allowed if
moment co-efficient taken from code table
designed for earthquake forces and for lateral loads.
At least 1/3 of the +ve moment reinforcement in SIMPLE SUPPORTS & the
+ve moment reinforcement in CONTINUOUS MEMBERS shall extend along
the same face of the member into the support, to a length equal to Ld/3.
(Ld-development length)

Use higher grade of concrete if most of the beams are doubly reinforced.
Also when Mu/bd^2 goes above 6.0.

Try to design a minimum width for beams so that the all beam reinforcement
passes through the columns. This is for the reason that any reinforcement
outside the column will be ineffective in resisting compression.

Restrict the spacing of stirrups to 8(200mm) or of effective depth whichever
is less.(for static loads)

Whenever possible try to use T-beam or L-beam concept so as to avoid
compression reinforcement.

Use a min. of 0.2% for compression reinforcement to aid in controlling the
deflection, creep and other long term deflections.

Bars of Secondary beam shall rest on the bars of the Primary beam if the
beams are of the same depth. The kinking of bars shall be shown
clearly on the drawing.
Length of curtailment shall be checked with the required development length.
Keep the higher diameter bars away from the N.A(i.e. layer nearest to the tension
face) so that max. lever arm will be available.

Hanger bars shall be provided on the main beam whenever heavy secondary
beam rests on the main beam.(Try to avoid the hanger bar if secondary beam
has less depth than the main beam, as there are enough cushions available).

The detailing for the secondary beam shall be done so that it does not induce
any TORSION on the main beam.

For cantilever beams reinforcement at the support shall be given a little
more and the development length shall be given 25% more.

As a short cut, bending moment for a beam (partially continuous or fully
continuous) can be assumed as wl^2/10 and the same reinforcement can
be detailed at span and support. This thumb rule should not be applied
for simply supported beams.
Sl.no SLAB SPAN/EFFE.DEPTH
1. One- way simply supported slab 30
2. One-way continuous slabs 35
3. Two-way simply supported slabs 38 for L/B=1.5
35 for L/B>1.5
4. Two-way continuous slabs 40 for L/B=1.5
38 for L/B>1.5
SLAB

EFFECTIVE DEPTH:
Whenever the slab thickness is 150mm, the bar diameter shall be 10mm
for normal spacing.(It can be 8mm at very closely spaced).

Slab thickness can be 100mm,110mm,120mm,125mm,150mm, etc.

The maximum spacing of Main bar shall not exceed 225mm(9) and the
distribution bars @ 250mm(10).

If the roof slab is supported by load bearing wall (without any frames)
a bed block of 150/200mm shall be provided along the length of supports
which will aid in resisting the lateral forces.

If the roof is of sheet(AC/GI) supported by load bearing wall (without any
frames) a bed block of 150/200mm shall be provided along the length of
supports except at the eaves. The bed block is provided to keep the sheets in
position from WIND.

For the roof slab provide a min. of 0.24% of slab cross sectional area
reinforcement to take care of the temperature and other weathering agent and
for the ponding of rain water etc since it is exposed to outside the building
enclosure.
Minimum size of column is 230mm x 230mm , Some time 200mm x 200mm
Typical size are 9x9, 9x18, 9x12 9x18, 9x21 and 9x24. when d > 4b,
column will behave as wall.

Minimum 0.8% of steel, 4No-12# bar in rectangular, 6No-12# in circular column
shall be adopted.

When the column size is large, 0.8%of minimum size required to carry the axial
load shall be provided.(Refer IS 456-2000).

Generally 40 mm cover is provided for the column. When column orientation is
changed , then size and reinforcement to be changed.

Column width / breadth to be larger than beam width. No overhanging in beam
width is recommended.

Strong column weak beam concept shall be adopted.

Starter reinforcement L distance at the bottom in min 300mm.

40d in compression & 50d in tension overlapping at mid third size should be
provided.
COLUMN

Section should be designed for the column moment values at the beam face.

Use higher grade of concrete when the axial load is predominant.

Go for a higher section properties when the moment is predominant.

Restrict the maximum % of reinforcement to 3.

Detail the reinforcement in column in such a way that it gets maximum lever
arm for the axis about which the column moment acts.

Position of lap shall be clearly mentioned in the drawing according to the
change in reinforcement. Whenever there is a change in reinforcement at a
junction, lap shall be provided to that side of the junction where the
reinforcement is less.

Provide laps at mid height of column to minimize the damage due to
Moments (Seismic forces).

Avoid KICKER concrete to fix column form work since it is the weakest link
due to weak and non compacted part.
FOOTING:
Never assume the soil bearing capacity and at least have one trial pit to
get the real site Bearing capacity value.

Check the Factor of Safety used by the Geotechnical engineer for finding SBC.
SBC can be increased depending on the N-value and type of footing that is going
to be designed. Vide IS-1893-2000(part-I).

Provide always PLINTH BEAMS resting on natural ground in orthogonal
directions connecting all columns which will help in many respect like
reducing the differential settlement of foundations, reducing the moments
on footings etc.

Always assume a hinged end support for column footing for analysis
unless it is supported by raft and on pile cap.

The Common assumption of full fixity at the column base may only
be valid for columns supported on RIGID RAFT foundations or on
individual foundation pads supported by short stiff piles or by foundation
walls in Basement.

Foundation pads supported on deformable soil may have considerable rotational
flexibility, resulting in column forces in the bottom story quite different from
those resulting from the assumption of a rigid base. The consequences can be
unexpected column HINGES at the top of lower story
columns under seismic lateral forces. In such cases the column base should be
modeled by a rotational springs. (Ref:page 164-Seismic design of Reinforced
concrete and Masonry buildings by T.Paulay & M.J.N.Priestley.)

Also refer the Reinforced concrete Designers Handbook by Reynold
where it is clearly mention about the column base support.
The pressure distribution of footing under sandy and clay soil are
different. However , the uniform pressure is considered under the footing.

Minimum depth of foundation is d=q ( 1-sin /1+sin)2 /

Un factored load is considered for calculation of footing size. But for
footing thickness and reinforcement, factored load to be considered.

Minimum thickness at the edge of footing is 200mm . Minimum cover is
considered as 50mm. Minimum diameter of reinforcement is 10mm
D/2 or 150 mm (which ever is maximum) pedestal offset shall be given for
resisting punching shear.

The value of punching shear for different grade of concrete is as below:
Minimum SBC is 7.5 t/sqm, less then that, raft foundation or pile
foundation to be considered.

Column orientation will have on spacing of square or rectangular footing
because the lever arm will change for the face of the column.
The reinforcement is provided to counter the deflection of footing
ISOLATED FOOTING
The angle of pressure distribution to be depth of soil is 45. Hence the
intensity of the pressure reduce over the depth because the size of area
of influence is increasing. But overlap of the footing area of influence to
be verified.

The uplift pressure due to water table is to be verified. This is a serious
failure at later stage.

When the water table is high, reduce the SBC or calculate for the water
table.

Strip raft foundation increase the depth of influence of pressure. Hence
check for soil strata down below. If the bottom strata is bed, do not go for
strip foundation
FOUNDATION
ISOLATED FOOTING
R.C.C.WALLS:
The minimum reinforcement for the RCC wall subject to BM shall be as follows:
Vertical reinforcement:
a) 0.0012 of cross sectional area for deformed bars not larger than 16mm in
diameter and with characteristic strength 415 N/mm^2 or greater.
b) 0.0015 of cross sectional area for other types of bars.
c) 0.0012 of cross sectional area for welded fabric not larger than 16mm in
diameter.
Maximum horizontal spacing for the vertical reinforcement shall neither exceed
three times the wall thickness nor 450mm.
Horizontal reinforcement.
a) 0.0020 of cross sectional area for deformed bars not larger than 16mm in
diameter and with characteristic strength 415 N/mm^2 or greater.
b) 0.0025 of cross sectional area for other types of bars.
c) 0.0020 of cross sectional area for welded fabric not larger than 16mm in
diameter.
Maximum vertical l spacing for the vertical reinforcement shall neither exceed
three times the wall thickness nor 450mm.
NOTE: The minimum reinforcement may not always be sufficient to provide
adequate resistance to effects of shrinkage and temperature.
The Ht for a RCC wall shall not exceed 30 as per IS:456=2000, where
Ht is the effective height of the wall and t is the thickness of the RC wall.
Ht for a braced wall will be :
a) 0.75 H, if the rotations are restrained at the ends by floors where h is the
height of the wall. b) 1.0h .
Increasing the stiffeners of member will absorb more load/ moment (stiffness
factor is to be considered).

Excess of load resulted to crack in concrete, Steel will take extra load & start
yielding.

The moment redistribution take place. Up to 20% of gravity load redistribution
is permitted.

T beam action is not consider in design. Which can take additional10% of
load and moment.

No physical measuring for secondary beam or release of moment. Lesser
than stiffness less than load absorption. ( force flow to higher stiffness
members).

Bond and development length ,Ld = 0.87fy / 4 (bxd)

Bending moment co efficient foe cantilever beam and slab

STRUCTURAL BEHAVIOUR
PERMISSIBLE STRESS IN CONCRETE
PERMISSIBLE STRESSES IN CONCRETE IN N/MM^2
1 N/MM^2= 10
KG/CM^2
GRADE COMPRESSION SHEAR BOND BEARING TENSILE FLEXURAL MOD RATIO
BENDING DIRECT AVERAGE LOCAL
M10 3.0 2.5 0.3 0.4 0.7 2.0 1.2 3.16 31.11
M15 5.0 4.0 0.5 0.6 1.0 3.0 2.2 3.87 18.67
M20 7.0 5.0 0.7 0.8 1.3 4.0 2.8 4.47 13.33
M25 8.5 6.0 0.8 0.9 1.5 5.0 3.2 5.00 10.98
M30 10.0 8.0 0.9 1.0 1.7 6.0 3.6 5.48 9.33
M35 11.5 9.0 1.0 1.1 1.8 7.0 4.0 5.92 8.12
M40 13.0 10.0 1.1 1.2 1.9 8.0 4.4 6.32 7.18
FORCES IN A LINE ELEMENT(BEAM AND COLUMN)
Y
X
Z
Dir
n
Force Disp Force Member RCC Resisted by
X Ux x Axial Column Long Rft
Y Uy y V Shear Beam Stirrups
Z Uz z H Shear Beam Stirrups

@X Mx x Torsion=
Shear&M
Column,Beam Long + Stirrups
@Y My y My Column,Beam Long Rft
@Z Mz z Mz Column,Beam Long Rft
Development Length for Single Deformed
Bars
fy N/Sqmm Tension Bars Compression Bars
M20 M25 M30 M35 >=M40 M20 M25 M30 M35 >=M40
415 48 41 38 34 30 38 33 31 27 24
500 57 49 46 40 36 46 39 37 32 29
550 63 54 50 44 36 50 43 40 36 32
Para 26.2.1.1, IS 456 Design Bond Stress in Limit State Design Ld= s/(4bd)= 0.87 fy/(4Tbd)
Grade of Concrete M15 M20 M25 M30 M35 >=M40
Design Bond Stress in Plain Bar N/Sqmm 1.1 1.2 1.4 1.5 1.7 1.9
Design Bond Stress in Deformed Bar
N/Sqmm(1.6Times) 1.76 1.92 2.24 2.4 2.72 3.04
Design Bond Stress in Deformed Bar in comp N/Sqmm 2.2 2.4 2.8 3 3.4 3.8
BENDING MOMENT COEFFICIENTS FOR CONTINUOUS BEAM
Type of Load Span Moments Support Moments

Near Middle of
End Span
At Middle of
Interior Span
At the End
Support
At Support next
to End Support
At other Interior
Support
DL+IL(Fixed) +1/12 WL +1/16 WL -1/24 WL -1/10 WL -1/12 WL
IL(Not Fixed) +1/10 WL +1/12 WL -1/24 WL -1/9 WL -1/9 WL

SHEAR FORCE COEFFICIENTS FOR CONTINUOUS BEAM
Type of Load
At the End
Support
At Support next to End Support
Inside Outside
At other Interior
Support
DL+IL(Fixed) 0.4W 0.6W 0.55W 0.5W
IL(Not Fixed) 0.45W 0.6W 0.6W 0.6W