STATISTICS

WEEK 2-2
Prepared by Abdul Hakim, PhD
Organizing and Tabulating
Categorical Data
FE-UII
Introduction
It is important to better describe the batch of
categorical data.
Techniques:
o Summary Table
o Graphing Categorical Data: Bar, Pie, Dot
Charts


The summary Table

A table that summarizes some characteristics of categorical
data.
e.g. Data 2: Classification of Colleges and Universities in
North Carolina


Graphing Categorical Data:
Bar, Pie, Dot Charts
These charts are useful to express the information
provided in the above table.



The Bar Charts
Some suggestions to construct a bar chart.
o The bar should be constructed horizontally.
o All bars should have the same width.
o Spaces between bars should range from one-half the width of
a bar to the width of a bar.
o Scales and guidlines are useful aids in reading a chart and
should be included. The zero point or origin should be
indicated.
o The axes of the chart should be clearly labelled.
o Any keys to interpreting the chart may be indicated within the
body of the chart or below the body of the chart.
o Footnotes of source notes, when appropriate, are presented
after the title of the chart at the bottom edge of the charts
frame.



The Bar Charts
Notes: SS = Special Schools; RU = Regional Universities; NU = National
Universities; RLA = Regional Liberal Arts Schools; NLA = National
Liberal Arts Schools.
Graph 1. Percentage bar chart depicting the institutional classification of
45 colleges and universities in North Carolina
Source: Levine, Introduction to Statistics.
Pie Charts
When the appropriate
software is not
available, you will need
a compass. Since a full
circle has 360, you
should multiply the
percentage with 360 to
obtain the appropriate
degrees for each
category. For example,
NU is 8,9%, so the
appropriate degrees is
8,9% * 360 = 32



Notes: SS = Special Schools; RU = Regional
Universities; NU = National Universities; RLA =
Regional Liberal Arts Schools; NLA = National
Liberal Arts Schools.
Graph 2. Percentage pie chart depicting the
institutional classification of 45 colleges and
universities in North Carolina
Source: Levine, Introduction to Statistics.




The Dot Charts
In a dot chart, each category is depicted by a thin
dashed line tipped with a large dot, with the length of the
line representing the frequency or percentage of
observations falling into a category.
To construct a dot chart, the following suggestions are
made.
o The thin dashed lines should be constructed
horizontally.
o Spacing between the thin dashed lines should be
equal.
o A horizontal scale showing the percentage at the
bottom of the frame should be included.
o Footnotes or source notes, as appropriate, appear
after the title of the chart at the bottom edge of the
charts frame, along with any keys to interpreting the
chart.




The Dot Charts
Graph 3. Percentage dot chart depicting the institutional
classification of 45 colleges and universities in North Carolina
Source: Levine, Introduction to Statistics.

Notes: SS = Special Schools; RU = Regional Universities; NU =
National Universities; RLA = Regional Liberal Arts Schools; NLA =
National Liberal Arts Schools.
Graphing Categorical Data:
The Pareto Diagram
The pareto diagram is a special type of vertical bar chart
in which the categorized responses are plotted in the
descending rank order of their frequencies and
combined with a cumulative polygon on the same scale.




Tabularizing Categorical
Data: Contingency Tables






Notes: SS = Special Schools; RU = Regional
Universities; NU = National Universities; RLA =
Regional Liberal Arts Schools; NLA = National
Liberal Arts Schools.
Graph 4. Pareto Diagram depicting the
institutional classification of 45 colleges and
universities in North Carolina
Source: Levine, Introduction to Statistics.




Tabularizing Categorical Data:
Contingency Tables
It is sometimes desirable to examine the responses to two
categorical variables simultaneously. Regarding the previous
example, for example, we might want to know whether there is any
pattern or relationship between type of institution (private or public)
and the college counsels institution classification. See the following
example:

Contingency tables displaying type of institution and institutional
classification for 45 coleges and universities in North Carolina





Tabularizing Categorical Data:
Contingency Tables and Supertable
In order to explore any possible pattern or relationship
between type of institution and the college counsel
institutional classification, it is useful first to convert
these results into percentage based on:
The overall total,
The row total,
The column total.



Tabularizing Categorical Data:
Contingency Tables
Contingency tables displaying type of institution and institutional
classification for 45 coleges and universities in North Carolina
(percentage based on overall total)


Tabularizing Categorical Data:
Contingency Tables
Contingency tables displaying type of institution and institutional
classification for 45 coleges and universities in North Carolina
(percentage based on overall raw total)



Tabularizing Categorical Data:
Contingency Tables
Contingency tables displaying type of institution and institutional
classification for 45 coleges and universities in North Carolina
(percentage based on overall column total)



Tabularizing Categorical Data:
Supertable
Supertable is a table that present data containing several
categorical variables. A supertable is essentially a collection of
contingency tables, each has the same column variable categories.
The data in each cell of the table are always given as a percentage
of its corresponding row total. This permits line-by-line comparison
for the categories within a particular row variable as well as for the
categories among the various row variables.



Tabularizing Categorical Data:
Supertable
A supertable for some possible relationships between various
features and institutional classification at 45 colleges and
universities in North Carolina