1

C H A P T E R 0
EXPONENTIALS,
LOGARITHMS AND OTHER
TRANSCENDENTAL
FUNCTIONS

2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Proof see p. 483-484
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
Proof see p. 491
20
21
22
23
24
Proof see p. 497
25
26
27
28
29
30
For any
31
32
In this age, we are all keenly aware of how infection by food-borne microorganisms causes
disease. Certain strains of the bacterium Escherichia coli (E. coli) have become particularly
notorious.

If we let y(t) represent the number of bacteria in a culture at time t,
then the rate of change of the population with respect to time is y(t).
Thus, since y(t) is proportional to y(t), we have

33
34
35
36
37
In general, sup
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
Inverse sine function:
50
Inverse cosine function:
51
Inverse tangent function:
52
Inverse secant function:
53
54
55







for -1 < x < 1.


56

for -1 < x < 1.






, for | x | > 1.

57

8.1
Finding the Derivative of an Inverse Trigonometric
Function


Compute the derivative of (a) cos
-1
(3x
2
) and (b) (sec
-1
x)
2
.


58



(a) From the chain rule, we have

(b) Also from the chain rule, we have


59
Integrals Involving the Inverse Trigonometric Functions
,

(8.1)


(8.2)



60

8.3
An Integral Related to tan
-1
x


Evaluate


61



Notice that the integrand is nearly the derivative of tan
-1
x. However, the
constant in the denominator is 9, instead of the 1 we need. With this in mind,
we rewrite the integral as

If we let then du = dx and hence,


62
We leave it as an exercise to prove the more general formula:



8.4
An Integral Requiring a Simple Substitution


Evaluate


63



Think about how you might approach this. You probably won't recognize an
antiderivative immediately. Remember that it often helps to look for terms
that are derivatives of other terms. You should also recognize that e
2x
= (e
x
)
2
.
With this in mind, we let u = e
x
, so that du = e
x
dx. We then have


64
65
The hyperbolic sine function is defined by

for all x (- , ). The hyperbolic cosine function is defined by
,


6.9 Hyperbolic Function
again for all x (- , ) .
66
You can easily use the preceding definitions to verify the important identity
, (9.1)
for any value of u. (We leave this as an exercise.) In light of this identity, notice that if x
= cosh u and y = sinh u, then

which you should recognize as the equation of a hyperbola.
67
We define the hyperbolic tangent function the hyperbolic cotangent function
the hyperbolic secant function sech x and the hyperbolic cosecant function csch x as
follows:

First, note that

Similarly, we can establish the remaining derivative formulas:

68

9.1
Computing the Derivative of a Hyperbolic Function


Compute the derivative of f (x) = sinh
2
(3x) .


69



From the chain rule, we have


70
For any x (- , ), we define the inverse hyperbolic sine by

For any x 1, we define the inverse hyperbolic cosine by
.
Finally, for any x (-1, 1), we define the inverse hyperbolic tangent by

Inverses for the remaining three hyperbolic functions can be defined similarly and are left
to the exercises. We show the graphs of and in
Figures 6.48a, 6.48b and 6.48c, respectively. (As usual, you can obtain these by reflecting
the graph of the original function through the line y = x. )
INVERSE HYPERBOLIC
71
72
we have shown that

Note the similarity with the derivative formula for sin
-1
x. We can likewise establish
derivative formulas for the other five inverse hyperbolic functions. We list these below
for the sake of completeness.


73