Basically, bars oriented in two dimensional Cartesian

system.
Trusses support compressive and tensile forces only,
as in bars.
Translate the local element matrices into the
structural (global) coordinate system.
2D TRUSSES
CONSIDER A TYPICAL 2D
TRUSS IN GLOBAL X-Y PLANE
Local system:

2

Global system:
=

1
=
1
cos +
2
sin

2
=
3
cos +
4
sin

1
=
1
cos +
2
sin

2
=
3
cos +
4
sin
=
cos sin 0 0
0 0 cos sin

4

(
1
,
1
)
(
2
,
2
)

sin=m=

2

1

cos = l =

2

1

=
0 0
0 0

= (
2

1
)
2
+(
2

1
)
2

STIFFNESS MATRIX
Strain Energy:
=
1
2

Energy for the local system:

=
= ( )

( )
=

)
K
=

0
0
0 0
0 0

1 1
1 1

0 0
0 0

Stiffness matrix for the local system:

1 1
1 1


=

0 0
0 0

=

2

2


2

2

2

2


2

Stiffness matrix for the global system
STRESSES AT THE ELEMENT
=
=

1 1

=
=

4

Local system:
Global system:
BERNOULLI BEAMS
Beams are subject to transverse loading. including
transverse forces and moments that result in transverse
deformation.

They are deflection in the y direction (w), and rotation in the
x-y plane

with respect to the z axis.

Each two-noded mean element has total of four degrees of
freedrom(DOFs)

INTRODUCTION
The Euler-Bernoulli beam
theory assumes that
undeformed plane sections
remain plane under
deformation.
=

w= deflection
Strain are defined as:
=

= y

2

STRAIN ENERGY
=
1
2

=
1
2
(

)
2

Taking = :
=
1
2
(

)
2

=
1
2

2
(

2
)
2

Inertia:

=
2


Then strain energy:
=
1
2

2
)
2

SHAPE FUNCTION
CONSTRUCTION
As there are four DOFs for
a beam element, there
should be four shape
functions.

Shape functions:
=

2
+

2

= 1,2,3,4
For N1:
=
1
+
1
+
1

2
+
1

1
= 1 = 1

1
= 0 = +1

= 0 = 1

= 0 = 1


1
=
1
4
(2 3 +
3
)




SHAPE FUNCTION
CONSTRUCTION
For N2:
=
2
+
2
+
2

2
+
2

2
= 0 = 1

2
= 0 = +1

= 1 = 1

= 0 = +1


2
=
1
4
(1
2
+
3
)

For N3:
=
3
+
3
+
3

2
+
3

3
= 0 = 1

3
= 1 = +1

= 0 = 1

= 0 = +1

3
=
1
4
(2 +3
3
)

SHAPE FUNCTION
CONSTRUCTION
For N4:
=
4
+
4
+
4

2
+
4

4
= 0 = 1

4
= 0 = +1

= 0 = 1

= 1 = +1


4
=
1
4
(1 +
2
+
3
)
The shape functions defined
as:

1
=
1
4
(2 3 +
3
)

2
=
1
4
(1
2
+
3
)

3
=
1
4
(2 +3
3
)

4
=
1
4
(1 +
2
+
3
)


The transverse displacement is
interpolated by Hermite shape
functions as:
=
1

1
+
2

+
3

2
+
4

Taking

:

=

Then:
=
1

1
+
2

+
3

2
+
4

N =

4


The strain energy is obtained as:
=
1
2

2
)
2

We know that:

2
=
1

2
=
1

=
1
2

4
(

2
)
2

1
1


=
1
2

3
(

2
)
2

1
1


=

= N

= N

=
1
2

3
(N

)
2

1
1


=
1
2

3
N

1
1


=
1
2

1
1


=
1
2

:






STIFFNESS MATRIX
=

N
1
1

=

3

1

1
1

Deriving shape functions:

1
=
3
2

3
=
3
2

2
=

2
(1 +3)
4
=

2
(1 +3)



=

9
4

2
3
4
(+3
2
)
9
4

2
3
4
(+3
2
)
3
4
(+3
2
)

2
4
(1+3)
2

3
4
(+3
2
)

2
4
(1+9
2
)

9
4

3
4
(+3
2
)
9
4

3
4
(+3
2
)
3
4
(+3
2
)

2
4
(1+9
2
)
3
4
(+3
2
)

2
4
(1+3)
2

1
1


Each element of the matrix is integrated between [-1,1]:

=

3
3
2
3
2

3
2
3
2
3
2
2
2

3
2

3
2

3
2
3
2

3
2
3
2

3
2
2
2

The stiffness matrix is:

=

2
3
3 3 3 3
3 4
2
3 2
2
3 3 3 3
3 2
2
3 4
2