Networking

V.P. Sudeep Kumar

Sub Divisional Engineer
BSNL,Trivandrum
Why do we need networking ?

• To share Hardware resources

• To share Software Resources

• For inter communications

 What is a network?

When two or more computers are

interconnected that can share resources such
as
Data
Printer
Internet connection
Applications etc.
 A simple network

Computers
Printer

Cable
 Types Networks

Depending on the geographical coverage

1. LAN 2. MAN 3. WAN
Depending on the architecture
1. Peer to peer 2. Client-Server
Depending on the media
1. Wireless 2. Wired
Web based
1. Internet 2. Intranet 3. Extranet
 LAN

• Computers are relatively close together,

such as within the same office or building.

• LAN can extend to several buildings on a

campus – provided the buildings are close
to each other.
 WAN

• A network that spans a large geographical

territory, such as an entire city, region, or
even an entire country.

• WANs are typically used to connect two or

more LANs that are relatively far apart.
 MAN

• A network that that’s smaller than a typical

WAN but larger than a LAN.

• Typically, a MAN connects two or more

LANs within a same city but are far enough
apart that the networks can’t be connected
using a simple cable or wireless
connection.
Peer-to-peer and Client-server

Peer-to-peer

Server-based
 Web-based Networking

• Internet
• Intranet
• Extranet
The internet and the world wide
web

I B M C o m p a t i b l e I B M C o m p a t i b l e
I B M C o m p a t i b l e

I B M C o m p a t i b l e

W o r k s t a t i oW n o r k s t a t i oW n o r k s t a t i oW n o r k s t a t i oW n o r k s t a t i o n

W o r k s t a t i o n

I B M C o m p a t i b l e

I B M C o m p a t i b l e

I B M C o m p a t i b l e
I B M C o m p a t i b l e
 Intranet

A private network within an organization

Or a mini internet
Internet Vs Intranet
 Intranet

L a p t o p c o m p u t e r
W o r k s t a t io n

N e t w o r k S e r v e r
W o r k s t a t io n

N e t w o r k

D H C P S e r v e r

W e b S e r v e r

F ir e w a ll
 Intranets
L a p t o p c o m p u t e r
W o r k s t a t i o n

N e t w o r k S e r v e r
W o r k s t a t io n

N e t w o r k

D H C P S e r v e r

W e b S e r v e r

F ir e w a ll
 Extranets

• An extranet is an intranet extended

beyond the corporate boundaries.
When selective access is provided
to entities outside the organization
and intranet becomes an extranet.
Topologies
Bus topology network
Star network

Hub
Ring Network
MESH
 Networking –Building Blocks

1. Servers
2. Work station
3. Media
4. NIC (LAN card)
5. NOS
6. Interconnecting components-
Hubs,Bridges,Switch,Router,Gateway
 Example of servers
File server
Print server
Mail server
Web server
Domain Name server (DNS)
Dynamic host control protocol server
(DHCP)
 Requirements of Servers

• Better & Faster CPU

• More RAM & better RAM Speed ( > 512 MB
• More CACHE ( >512 K b )
• Higher Capacity Hard Disk ( 80 GB x 2)
• Better Cooling
• Backup Devices Network Management Support
 Media

1. Coaxial
2. Twisted pair
3. Optical fiber
4. Wireless
 RG8

RG58
 Different types of coaxial cables

RG Rating Popular Ethernet Type of cable

Name Implementation

RG-58 U N/A None Solid copper

RG-58 AU Thinnet 10Base2 Stranded copper

(¼ inch dia.)

RG-8 Thicknet 10Base5 Solid copper

(½ inch dia.)

RG-62 ARCnet N/A Solid/stranded

Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) cable
 UTP category

CAT1-1 mbps
CAT2-4 mbps
CAT3-16mbps
CAT4- 30 mbps
CAT5-155mbps
CAT6-622mbps
Crimping Standards-UTP-RJ45

1.EIA
2.AT&T
UTP&RJ-45
 Fibre Optic cable

• Uses glass or plastic filament to move data in

the form of light pulses and provides greater
bandwidth as well as longer cable run
• Earlier used as backbone of larger corporate
networks
• Because of reduction in price, now used for
LANs also.
• Expensive and difficult to install than copper.
• Immune to EMI and RFI.
• More secure as data travels in the form of light
which can’t be tapped
E/O and O/E
NIC
Wireless NIC
PCMCIA
 To find Machine Address (MAC)
Platform Method

Windows 95/98/Me Run the winipcfg utility

Windows Run ipconfig /all from a command

2000/2003/XP prompt
Linux/some Unix Run the ifconfig -a command

Novell NetWare Run the config command

Cisco router Run the sh int <interface name>

command
 NOS
• Windows:
• Windows NT.
• Windows 2000 Server.
• Windows 2003 Server.
• UNIX:
• Sun Microsystem’s Solaris.
• IBM’s DYNIX.
• Hewlett- Packard’s HP-UX.
• LINUX:
• Red Hat Linux (version 9 and ES 4.0)
• Caldera
• Mandrake.11
 Interconnecting components

1) Repeaters and Hubs

2) Switches
3) Bridges
4) Routers
5) Gateways
OSI and Components

Application Layer

Presentation Layer

Session Layer

Transport Layer

Network Layer

Data Link Layer

Repeaters Switches Physical Layer

Hubs Bridges Routers Gateways
 Repeaters

• A repeater operates at the Physical Layer of the OSI

model.
• Because the Physical Layer is concerned with bits,
the job of a repeater is to repeat bits.
• A repeater is considered a “nondiscriminating”
device.

101010101010101 101010101010101
Physical Layer
Repeater

Repeater
 Hubs
Server

10 BaseT Hub

Node

Node

Node
How it works
 Bridges

Bridges operate on frames and have no regard for the

content of the frame.

Frame
HeaderData Trailer
Data Link Layer
Bridge

Physical Layer
 Bridges

` The effect of the division of the network is called “traffic

isolation,” and it is a tool for controlling network
utilization.
Node Node

Bridge Node Node

Server Node

Server Node
 Switches

10 Mbps High Speed

Ethernet Link
10 Mbps
Switch Ethernet
Port 4
Node A

Port 3
Node B
Port 1 Node F
Port 2
Node E
10 Mbps
Ethernet

Ethernet Switch
Node D
Node C
How it works
 Routers

Routers provide physical and logical

separation of networks.

Node X

Network A
Router Node Y
Subnet 1

Subnet 2
 Gateways

A gateway handles differences in multiple

layers of protocols.
SNA Host

Gateway

Protocol
Converter Gateway TCP/IP Nodes
 Networking Protocols

• Most common protocols

– Ethernet
– Token Ring
– FDDI
– Local Talk
 History-Project 802

• In 1985, the Computer Society of the IEEE started a project, called

Project 802,
• The IEEE has subdivided the data link layer into two sublayers
 Project 802

• IEEE 802.1
– the section of Project 802 devoted to internetworking issues in LANs and MANs.
– seeks to resolve the incompatibilities between architectures without requiring
modifications in existing addressing, access, and error recovery mechanisms,
among others.
Ethernet (IEEE 802.3 )
 Frame Format

• Preamble
– The first field of the 802.3 frame,
– contains seven bytes (56 bits) of alternating 0s and 1s
– alert the receiving system to the coming frame and enable it to
synchronize its input timing.
– The pattern 1010101 provides only an alert and a timing pulse;
• Start frame delimiter (SFD)
– The second field (one byte: 10101011)
– signals the beginning of the frame.
 Frame Format

• Destination address (DA)

 six bytes
 contains the physical address of the packet’s next
destination.
 encoded on its network interface card (NIC). Each NIC
has a unique address
• Source Address (SA)
 six bytes
 contains the physical address of the last device to
forward the packet.
 Length/type of PDU
 two bytes indicate the number of bytes in the coming
PDU.
 If the length of the PDU is fixed, this field can be used
 Principle-CSMA CD

Carrier Sense - When a device connected to an

Ethernet network wants to send data it first checks to
make sure it has a carrier on which to send its data
Multiple Access - This means that all machines on the

network are free to use the network whenever they like.

Collision Detection - When two machines start to
transmit data simultaneously, the resultant corrupted
data is discarded, and re-transmission is done
How CSMA CD
Collisions
 Token Ring

• It has the ability to diagnose and

avoid network problems.
• It does not slow down when more
devices are added to the network.
• The packet size can be larger than
on an Ethernet network.
 Token Ring

• IEEE Project 802.5

• 16-Mbps speed
• It uses twisted pair cable in a hybrid
star ring topology
• The packets go to a central hub
called the Multistation Access Unit
(MAU).
Token Ring
 Local Talk

• A network protocol
• Developed by Apple Computer, Inc. for Macintosh
computers.
• Access method used CSMA/CA (Carrier Sense
Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance).
• allows for linear bus, star, or tree topologies using
twisted pair cable.
• disadvantage
– transmission is only 230 Kbps.
 FDDI

• Token ring in fiber form