PUMPS

PUMPS
Engineering Solutions . . . Delivering Results

Introduction
Pumps are a mechanical device that forces a fluid to move from one
position to another.

This is achieved by supplying energy or head to a flowing liquid in
order to overcome head losses due to friction, pipe work and also, if
necessary, to raise the liquid to a higher level.
Classification of Pumps
Centrifugal pump
Centrifugal pump

Its purpose

The energy changes
Centrifugal pump
Reciprocating pump
Piston plunger pump is simplest
form

Prime movers

The capacity of a pump is
determined by the number of plungers
or pistons and the size of these
elements (bore and stroke).
Reciprocating pump
Features of different pump
Pump Types-Comparison and Selection Guide
Yes Yes No Self-priming
Constant Constant Variable Variable or
Constant Flow
Smooth Pulsating Smooth Smooth or
Pulsating Flow
Yes Yes No Requires Relief
Valve
2.81 X 10
6
+ kg/m
2
7.03 X 10
6
+ kg/m
2
4.23 X 10
4
+ kg/m
2
Maximum Pressure
Yes Yes No Low Flow Rate
Capability
2271.2 + m
3
/hr 2271.2 + m
3
/hr 27276.6 + m
3
/hr Maximum Flow
Rate
Low/Medium
Capacity,
Low/Medium
Pressure
Low Capacity,
High Pressure
Medium/High
Capacity,
Low/Medium
Pressure
Optimum Flow and
Pressure
Applications
Rotary Pumps Reciprocating Pumps Centrifugal Pumps Parameter
Calculation
Suction pressure
Suction pressure is the pressure at the upstream of the pump. This is given
by

Suction pressure = source press. + static head del p in pump suction
BTL
Pump centre line
Vessel
Source pressure Source pressure pressure
above the liquid level

Static head static pressure
difference due to the liquid
between pump centre line
and vessel BTL

Del P losses in the pump
suction line
Pump
NPSH Net Positive Suction Head
NPSHa is the net remaining pressure at the suction flange of the
pump after subtracting all negative forces that restrict liquid from
getting into the pump.

A similar term NPSHr is used by pump manufactures to describe the
energy losses that occur within many pumps as the fluid volume is
allowed to expand within the pump body. This energy loss is
expressed as a head of fluid.
NPSHa Calculation
The NPSHa is calculated from:

Fluid surface pressure + positive
head pipework friction loss
fluid vapour pressure

Or

Fluid surface pressure negative
head pipework friction loss
fluid vapour pressure
Cavitation
Vapour pressure
Local boiling
Gas bubbles collapse
Reduce the flow of delivered fluid.
Vibrations, damage to the pipework system or the pump. This
effect is known as cavitation.
Understanding NPSHa and NPSHr
In a system where the fluid needs to be lifted to the pump inlet , the negative
head reduces the motive force to move the fluid to the pump.
Discharge pressure
Discharge pressure is pressure at the downstream of the pump
This is given by
Discharge pressure = Destination pressure + static head + del p in
pump discharge circuit + contingency

Where,
Destination pressure Operating pressure of the destination
vessel/column, etc.
Static head static pressure difference due to the liquid head
between final destination point and grade.
Del p line losses in the discharge line.
Contingency This is kept to take care of any unforeseen
additional requirement of del p in the discharge
circuit.
Differential pressure = Discharge pressure Suction pressure

Differential head = [(Diff. pressure in Kg/cm
2
) / (Density in Kg/m
3
)]
X 10
4

Shut off pressure = Max suction pressure + Max diff. pressure
where, Max suction press. = Max source press + Static head
Max diff. pressure:
for centrifugal pump = 1.2 X Diff. pressure
for positive displacement pump = 1.1 X Diff. pressure

Pump power consumption (kw) = (Flow rate in m
3
/hr X Diff.
pressure in Kg/cm
2
) / (36 X efficiency)
Typical characteristic curve for centrifugal pump
Proportioning pump efficiency
Example
Required flow rate Q = 200 l/s(given)

Pressure at the Suction side of pump
Source pressure = 3.0 mgiven
Pressure loss in suction line = 50 kpa
= 50 X 10.33 = 5.10 m of water
therefore, pressure at pump suction
= 3.0 5.10 = -2.10 m of water

Required Discharge pressure
Static head to be overcome = 25.0 m of water
Line losses to be overcome = 250 kpa
= 250 X 10.33 = 25.5 m of water

Total pressure required at the discharge of pump
= 25.0 + 25.5 = 50.5 m of water

Thus, head to be added by pump = 50.5 (-2.1)
= 52.6 m of water

Operating point lies in the
operating Envelop as such this
pump can supply the required
head at the required flow rate.

Pump will operate at around
1040 rpm

Required NPSH is 6.5 m of
water

Efficiency at the operating
point can be seen to be about
66 %
NPSH Calculation

NPSHa = Height of liquid in tank above pump suction + Atmospheric
pressure - Pressure losses in suction piping - Vapour pressure of liquid
Atmospheric pressure = 10.33 m of water
Vapour pressure of water @ 60 deg. C = 149.4 mm Hg
= (149.4 / 760) X 10.33 = 2.0 m of water
NPSHa = 3.0 + 10.33 5.10 2.0
= 6.23 m of water

From this we can see NPSHr > NPSHa which is not feasible and hence
cavitation will occur.
Therefore this pump is not suitable for this application

We will calculate the power requirements, as an example of how to do this.
Pump power consumption kw = (Flow rate in m
3
/hr X Diff. pressure in
Kg/cm
2
) / (36 X efficiency)
= (720 X 5.26) / (36 X 0.66)
= 160 kw
Excel Sheet
Pump Calculation.xls
THANK YOU


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RP

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