CHAPTER 2

All living things (plants and animals) are made up of

are of all living things
Bricks are basic units of a house
Cells are basic units of living
things
Microscope
Cell can only been seen through a
MICROSOPE
Eye
piece
Objective
lens
Rough
focus
control
Fine
focus
control
Diaphragm
Mirror
Bas
e
Stag
e
STEPS IN USING A
MICROSCOPE
Place the microscope with its mirror
facing a light source

Adjust the mirror so that enough light
enters the microscope

Place the slide onto the stage and
ensure that the specimen is at the
centre of the aperture

Adjust the rough focus control to raise
the objective lens until the specimen
can be seen clearly
PRECAUTION STEPS!!!
Use both hands to hold the microscope.
One hand holds the body while the other
hand supports its base
Place the microscope in a vertical
position
Ensure that the microscope is always
dry and clean to avoid fungal growth
and rusting. Clean the lenses with tissue
paper or a lens cleaner solution
Always rotate the coarse adjustment in
an anticlockwise direction
Open both eyes when viewing through
the microscope

PRECAUTION STEPS!!!
Initially, use an objective lens with low
power

The glass slide with the specimen must
be closed with a cover slip when using
an objective lens of high power

The fine adjustment is used with the
objective lens of high power
CELLS
OF
LIVING
THINGS
Animal
Cells
Plant
Cells
CELLS and
CELLS
Nucleu
s
Function :
Controls cell activities
Cell
membrane
Function :
Protects cell and
controls the flow of
dissolved material in
and out of the cell
Cytoplas
m
Function :
Stores dissolved
material
Chloropla
st
Function :
Contains chlorophyll
that absorbs light for
photosynthesis process
Vacuole
Function :
Contains cell sap made
up of dissolved minerals
Cell wall
Function :
Protects the cell and
maintains the shape of
the cell
ANIMAL CELLS PLANT CELLS
CELLS and
CELLS
Each animal cell is made up of cell
protoplasm (nucleus and cytoplasm)
Protoplasm is a semi-solid or jelly-like
substance
Nucleus is oval or round body seen in the
centre of a cell
Surrounding the nucleus is the cytoplasm
Cytoplasm is thinner and more watery than
nucleus. Defined as the material between
the cell membrane (plasma membrane) and
the nucleus envelope
Typical plant cells are rectangular in shape
Has a rigid cell wall which is made up of
cellulose which is a form of carbohydrate
Vacuoles contain cell sap which is a very
dilute solution of sugar and salt in water.
Regions in the plant cell which do not
contain cytoplasm
Chloroplast builds chlorophyll, a green
pigment, only found in plant cells
CELLS VS
CELLS
SIMILARITIES

- has protoplasm (cytoplasm and nucleus)

- has cell membrane

- able to carry out life activities like excretion
CELLS VS
CELLS
Animal cell Differences Plant cell
Not fixed Shape Fixed
Absent Cell wall Present
Absent except in lower
level organisms like
Amoeba
Vacuole Present
Absent Chloroplast Present
Glycogen Food
reserves
Starch
Quick Check???
What is the basic unit of all living
things?

What makes up the protoplasm of a
cell?

What can be found in plant cells but
not in animal cells?

State the substance that builds up the
cell wall of plant cells.