Diseases due to Infection

Major manifestations of infection

Principles of Management
Diseases due to Chlamydia, bacteria,
spirochets, Fungi, arthropod, STD
• Incubation period: time gap when micro
organism enters body & symptoms of
disease starts.
It is the time when microorganism or
microbe invade the body defenses,
multiply there & cause structural &/or
functional disturbance.
 Defense of human host
• 1st line defense: skin, mucus membrane
Mucus- mechanical barrier, IgA
antibody & enzyme
HCL
Ciliated epithelium
Commensal Flora
• 2nd line Defense: cellular & Humoral.
 Reaction of Host to specific
Infection:

• Viral Infection-stimulates local lymphocytic

response
• Worm-Eosinophil
• Bacterial infection-Polymorphs
• Typhoid & paratyphoid-Monocytic
response
 Manifestations or Presentation of
Infection
• Fever
• Fever & Rash
• Pain-local ,chest pain, pain abdomen,
head ache
• Cough
• Swelling
 Fever
Viral fever, Dengue, typhoid ,paratyphoid
Malaria, pneumonia,
Temp: controlled by hypothalamus
• Fever/hyperthermia: 36.6 to 37.4,rectal
temp.0.5oc high, axillary 0.50 c lower
Diurnal variation 0.5-10c
Pyrogen (Toxins) are substances which
cause fever-most pyrogens are microbial
product microbial toxins or microbe.
 Fever & Rash
Macule (flat, color change) papule
(raised<5mm), plaque(>5mm), nodule,
(round >5mm) vesicle(<5mm) & Bullae
(>5mm),petechial rash
Chicken pox, measles, viral disease,
Dengue fever, SLE
• Drug rash
 Cough
• Common cold, URTI, Sinusitis,
• Pneumonia, acute bronchitis, chronic
bronchitis, tuberculosis
 Chest pain
• Pneumonia
• Pleuritis, Pleural effusion
• Lung abscess
 Pain abdomen
• Liver abscess
• Pyelo nephritis
• Appendicitis
• peritonitis
• Gynecological infections
 Management
• Confirming the Diagnosis &
• Treatment

Diagnosis:
1 Clinical History (symptoms)
2 Examination
3 Lab investigations
 Lab investigatations
• CBC,ESR
• Peripheral smear:MP,filaria
• Isolation of microbe- microscopic examination of
sputum, urine, stool or other body fluids like
CSF, pleural or peritoneal fluid
Culture of blood or any other body fluid
• Antibody detection: widal test, IgG, IgM
antibodies for mycobacteria,Hepatitis TORCH
• Radiology: X-ray, ultrasound,CT scan
 Diseases due to Bacteria
• Streptococus-Beta hemolytic,pneumone
• Staphylococus
• Nisseria Meningococus,N.Gonorrhoeae
• Vibrio cholera
• Diptheria
• Tetanus-chlostridium tetni
• Chronic-Tuberculous, Syphilis,Leprosy
 Gram Positive Bacteria
• Streptococcal Infection- Beta hemolytic
Pharyngitis -RHD
Skin infection-AGN

• Pneumococal Infection-Streptococcal
pneumonniae
• Staphylococcus aureus- skin,soft tissue ,bone
infection
 Anaerobic Bacteria
Gram positive rods
• Clostridium Myonecrosis- Gas gangrene
• Clostridium Tetani
• Clostridium Botulism-canned or smoked
food
• Presumptive infection due to anaerobic bacteria.

• 1. Most of the organisms colonizing mucosal sites are harmless commensals; very few cause
disease.

• 2. For anaerobes to cause tissue infection, they must spread beyond the normal mucosal
barriers.

• 3. Conditions favoring the propagation of these bacteria, particularly a lowered oxidation-

reduction potential, are necessary. These conditions exist at sites of trauma, tissue destruction,
compromised vascular supply, and complications of preexisting infection, which produce necrosis.

• 4. There is a complex array of infecting flora. For example, as many as 12 different types of
organisms can be isolated from a suppurative site.

• 5. Anaerobic organisms tend to be found in abscess cavities or in necrotic tissue. The failure of
an abscess to yield organisms on routine culture is a clue that the abscess is likely to contain
anaerobic bacteria. Often smears of this "sterile pus" are found to be teeming with bacteria when
Gram's stain is applied. Malodorous pus suggests anaerobic infection. Although some facultative
organisms, such as Staphylococcus aureus, are also capable of causing abscesses, abscesses in
organs or deeper body tissues should call to mind anaerobic infection.

• 6. Gas is found in many anaerobic infections of deep tissues.

• 7. Some species (the best example being the B. fragilis group) require specific therapy. However,
many synergistic infections can be cured with antibiotics directed at some but not all of the
organisms involved. Antibiotic therapy, combined with debridement and drainage, disrupts the
interdependent relationship among the bacteria, and some species that are resistant to the
antibiotic do not survive without the coinfecting organisms.

• 8. Manifestations of disseminated intravascular coagulation are unusual in patients with purely

anaerobic infection
 Gram Negative Bacteria
• Bordetella Pertussis( whooping cough)
• Neisseria Meningitidis,N.Gonorrhoeae
• Salmonella Typhi,paratyphi
• Shigella – dysentry
• Vibrio Cholerae
 Acid Fast Bacilli
• Myco. tuberculosis
• Myco.Leprae
 Infestation
• This term is used for ectoparasites like
arthropods –lice, flea,maggots or worm
 Viral Diseases
• Measles
• Rubella-German measles- fetus abnormal
• Mumps
• Chickenpox
• Polio
• Influenza
• encephalitis
 Protozoa
• Malaria
• Amoeba-EH, Giardia
• Sleeping sickness: Trypanosomiasis
• Leishmaniasis-Kala Azar
• Helminthiasis-pin worm, hook worm, round
worm, tape worm, hydatid cyst
 Chlamydia
• Chlamydia pneumoniae –atypical
pneumonia
• LGV
• Psittacosis
• Trachoma
 Rickettsiae
• Rickettsiae are intermediate between
virus & bacteria & require living cells for
their multiplication.
• Lice, flea borne
1. Typhus fever
2. Scrub typhus
3. Rocky mountain spotted fever
4. Q fever
 Helminthes
• Tape worm-Taenia solium,T.Sagginata
• Eccinococus granulosus –Hydatid cyst
• Ascariasis
• Hookworm-Ankylostoma duodenale
• Wucheria Bancrofti-Filariasis
STD