PRESENTED BY

Vina Aulia (100210103051)

Misrai Farauk (100210103057)
VIRAL GENOME
The tiniest viruses
are 20 nm in
diameter. (smaller
than a ribosome)

They consist of
nucleic acids
enclosed in a protein
coat and sometimes
a membranous
envelop.

Nucleic Acid Of Viruses
Viral genomes can be either DNA or RNA,
never both.

This genome, once inside a host cell, directs
synthesis of new viral proteins, and also
replication of new viral genomes

Viral genomes come in all kinds:
Single- or double-stranded, RNA or DNA
Linear or circular
One piece or segmented (in several
fragments)
The genomes (sets of genes) maybe
1. Double stranded DNA
2. Single stranded DNA
3. Double stranded RNA
4. Single stranded RNA
(+) single stranded DNA
(--) single stranded DNA
They are called either a DNA or RNA virus
depending on the type of nucleotide in the
make-up.
They may be linear or circular
The smallest have only 4 genes and
largest have several hundred.
Capsid a protein shell that covers the viral
genome. They may be
Rod-shaped
Polyhedral
More complex

Capsids are built from large numbers of protein
subunits called CAPSOMERES
The most complex capsids are found in viruses that
infect bacteria BACTERIOPHAGES (T1-T7).
They have a protein tail piece with tail fibers that
attach to the bacterium
Reproduction
Viruses are obligate
intracellular parasites
that can reproduce
only within a host cell.
They do not have
Enzymes for
metabolism
Do not have ribosomes
Do not have the
equipment to make
proteins
Each type of virus can infect and parasitize
only a limited range of host cells called its
HOST RANGE.
Some are broad based while others are not.
Swine flu virus can infect swine or humans
Rabies can infect may mammals
Some can parasitize only E. coli
Eukaryote viruses are usually tissue specific
Viruses use a lock and key fit to identify hosts.
Reproduction occurs using lytic or
lysogenic cycles
The Lytic Cycle
Culminates in the death
of the host cell
Virulent viruses
reproduce only by lytic
cyle.
Natural selection favors
bacterial mutations with
receptor sites that are
resistant to a particular
phage or that have
restriction enzymes to
destroy the phages.
The Lysogenic Cycle
Replication of the viral
genome without
destroying the host
cell.
A temperate virus may
reproduce by either
cycle.
Lambda virus:
resembles T4 but only
has a single short tail
fiber
While phages have the potential to wipe out a
bacterial colony in just hours, bacteria have
defenses against phages.
Natural selection favors bacterial mutants
with receptors sites that are no longer
recognized by a particular type of phage.
Bacteria produce restriction nucleases that
recognize and cut up foreign DNA, including
certain phage DNA.
Modifications to the bacterias own DNA
prevent its destruction by restriction
nucleases.
But, natural selection favors resistant phage
mutants
In the lysogenic cycle, the phage
genome replicates without destroying
the host cell.
Temperate phages, like phage lambda,
use both lytic and lysogenic cycles.
Within the host, the virus circular DNA
engages in either the lytic or lysogenic
cycle.
During a lytic cycle, the viral genes
immediately turn the host cell into a
virus-producing factory, and the cell
soon lyses and releases its viral
products.
The lambda phage which infects E. coli
demonstrates the cycles of a temperate phage.
Lambda reproduction
Infects an E. coli cell by injecting its DNA
The lambda DNA molecule forms a circle.
Lytic or lysogenic cycles begin
In a lytic cycle, the cell is turned into a
lambda producing factory, the cell lyses and
releases its products.
In a lysogenic cycle, the viral genome is
incorporated into by genetic recombination
into a specific site on the host cells
chromosome.
It is now known as a prophage
Every time the E. coli divides, it replicated the
phage DNA and passes it along to the daughter
cells.
This enables the phage to replicate without
destroying the host.
The phages may at some point in time become
active phages that lyse their host cell and
releasing infectious particles.
There is usually an environment trigger.
There may be other prophages released as
well and this may change the phenotype of the
host. This is of medical importance. Examples:
diphtheria, botulism and scarlet fever.
Regardless of the type of virus, the
parasite diverts the host cells resources
for viral production.
The host cell provides:
Nucleotides for nucleic acid
production
Enzymes
Ribosomes
tRNA
Amino acids
ATP
Modes of infection and replication of
animal viruses
Focus on animals viruses
with a viral envelop
The envelop is outside the
capsid and helps the virus enter
the host cell.
Generally a lipid bilayer with
glycoprotein spikes
The envelop fuses with the cell
membrane
The ER of the host cell makes
the membrane proteins which
are transported to the
membrane
New viruses exits the host in a
process similar to exocytosis.
This reproductive cycle
does not kill the host.
Some viruses have envelopes that are
not derived from the plasma membrane.
Herpesvirus has an envelop that is
derived from the nuclear membrane.
These become integrated into the host
genome as a provirus. Once these
viruses are acquired they tend to
reoccur through out a persons life.
RNA as Viral Genetic Material
The broadest variety of RNA genomes is
found among viruses are those that
infect animals.
There are three types of single stranded
RNA genomes
The genome of class IV can directly
serve as mRNA and can be translated
into viral protein immediately after
infection
RETROVIRUSES
Most complicated
Genetic information
flows in the reverse
direction
Have the enzyme reverse
transcriptase
Transcribes DNA from an
RNA template
The newly made DNA
than integrates as a
provirus into the nucleus
of the animal cell
The hosts RNA
polymerase transcribes
the virual DNA into RNA
molecules.
RNA Viruses
Single Strand RNA Viruses
(+) strand
Genome used directly
as mRNA can be
translated immediately
Polio
Ex: Rhinoviruses

( -) strand
mRNA must be
transcribed from
genome template
Must carry RNA
dependent RNA
polymerase enzyme
Ex: Measles

Replication of a (+) sense RNA virus
1. (+) sense RNA acts like
mRNA, gets directly
translated into viral
proteins

2. To make new copies of
the virus genome, a
complementary RNA is
made (-- sense) from +
RNA

3. (-) sense RNA is
template for synthesis
of many copies of the
(+) sense RNA genome
that goes into the new
viruses
Replication of -- sense RNA
viruses:
Inside the infecting virus capsid is the
RNA genome and a transcriptase
that makes + sense RNA from the sense genome.

The + sense RNA then:
acts like mRNA to direct protein synthesis
serves as a template for synthesis of many new
Copies of the original sense RNA genome






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ENVELOPED NAKED

Double stranded Double stranded
Single stranded


Icosahedral Complex Icosahedral Icosahedral

HERPES POX PAPOVA PARVO

HEPADNA ADENO

DNA VIRUSES

DNA (genome) replication strategies
similar in all and similar to host
ssDNA becomes
dsDNA
5 to 3 synthesis; need
for primer
Variety of enzymes of
host or viral origin :
DNA polymerase
(proofreading),
helicases, ss binding
proteins, ligases
In nucleus except for
poxviruses
Phage T4 replisome
Replication Challenges for
DNAViruses
Access to nucleus
Competing for
nucleotides
Cell cycle control in
eucaryotes - S phase
dependent materials
for some
Primer removal and
replacement
(completing ends)

Transcriptional/translational
challenges
Access to RNA
polymerase
Monogenic
expression in
eukaryotes
Temporal control of
gene expression
Competition with
host for ribosomes
Replication of DNA Viruses