Magnetism

Since ancient times, certain materials, called

magnets, have been known to have the property of
attracting tiny pieces of metal. This attractive
property is called magnetism.
N
S
Bar Magnet
N
S
Magnetic Poles
The strength of a magnet is
concentrated at the ends,
called north and south
poles of the magnet.
A suspended magnet:
N-seeking end and
S-seeking end are N
and S poles.
N S
N
E
W
S
N
Compass Bar magnet
S
N
Iron filings
Magnetic Attraction-Repulsion
N
S
N
N
S
S
N S
N S
Magnetic
Forces: Like
Poles Repel
Unlike Poles Attract
Magnetic Field Lines
N S
We can describe
magnetic field lines
by imagining a tiny
compass placed at
nearby points.
The direction of the
magnetic field B at
any point is the same
as the direction
indicated by this
compass.
Field B is strong where
lines are dense and weak
where lines are sparse.
Adaptif Hal.: 5 Isi dengan Judul Halaman Terkait
S
U
S
U
S
U
MAGNETIC INDUCTION
The result of Oersteds experiment
Basically, the source of
magnetic field are not only
shaped of permanent
magnet, but can also in
the form of electromagnet,
that is, the magnet
produced by electric
current or moving electric
charge.
Field Lines Between Magnets
N S
N N
Unlike poles
Like poles
Leave N and
enter S
Attraction
Repulsion
Daerah di sekitar magnet yang masih mengalami pengaruh dari
magnet tersebut
Medan magnet digambarkan dg garis2
gaya magnet
Oersted : Di sekitar kawat berarus listrik
terdapat medan magnet
Arah medan magnet mengikuti
KAIDAH TANGAN KANAN
P
a
i
Besar Medan Magnet di Sekitar kawat Lurus
a
i
B
. 2
.
0
t

=
a
i k
B
.
=
Dimana : B
p
= Kuat medan magnet di titik P (T)
a = Jarak titik P ke kawat (m)

o
= 4t x 10
-7

k = 2 x 10
-7

Besar Medan Magnet di pusat Kawat Melingkar
a
i
B
P
. 2
.
0

=
B
p
= Kuat medan magnet di titik
Pusat (T)
a = Jari-jari Lingkaran (m)

o
= 4t x 10
-7

Jika lingkaran kawat terdiri dari N lilitan,
a
N i
B
P
. 2
. .
0

=
4 July 2014 Hand Out Fisika II 9
Kawat Lingkaran berarus
Tinjau sebuah kawat lingkaran dengan jari-jari R dialiri
arus listrik I seperti pada gambar di bawah.
Kawat lingkaran terle-
tak pada bidang xz
x
y
z
R
P
a
I
Kita akan coba menerapkan hukum Biot-Savart untuk
menentukan medan magnet pada jarak a dari pusat
Kawat lingkaran
4 July 2014 Hand Out Fisika II 10
Kawat Lingkaran berarus
Batas atas integral diambil sama dengan satu keliling lingkaran
karena panjang total kawat adalah satu keliling lingkaran dan
Jari-jari lingkaran R serta jarak a adalah konstan sehingga dapat
dikeluarkan dari integral
Besar elemen kecil medan magnet dalam arah sumbu
y adalah
( ) ( ) ( )
2 / 3
2 2
2
0
2
0
2 / 3
2 2
0
2
0
2 / 3
2 2
0
2 4 4
a R
R I
dl
a R
R I
a R
Rdl I
B
R R
Y
+
=
+
=
+
=
} }

t

t t
Jadi medan magnet di titik P akibat kawat lingkaran
tersebut adalah
( )
Tesla j
a R
R I
B

2
2 / 3
2 2
2
0
+
=

Besar Medan Magnet di Sekitar Selenoida

Besar Medan Magnet di Pusat Toroida
Di Pusat Selenoida:
L
N i
B
P
. .
0

=
Di Tepi Selenoida:
L
N i
B
T
2
. .
0

=
i = Kuat Arus (A)
N = Banyak lilitan
L = Panjang Kumparan (m)
a
N i
B
P
t

. 2
. .
0
=
Toroida dengan jari-jari a dan banyak lilitan N, maka:
Gaya yang terjadi pada kawat berarus ketika berada
disekitar medan magnet
S U S U
i
F
B
i
F = Gaya
Lorentz
(magnetik)
B = Kuat medan
magnet
i = Kuat arus
listrik
Arah gaya Lorentz mengikuti kaidah TAMPARAN TANGAN KANAN
Arah Tamparan menunjukan arah GAYA LORENTZ
Arah 4 jari menunjukan arah MEDAN MAGNET
Arah Ibu Jari menunjukan arah ARUS LISTRIK
Adaptif Hal.: 13 Isi dengan Judul Halaman Terkait
LORENTZ FORCE
N
S
If a wire with length of l
flown by electric current
I exists in a magnetic
field B, then the wire will
undergo Lorentz force
or magnetic force which
its direction can be
determined by the right-
hand rule.
Lorentz force in the straight wire carrying electric current
F = B.i.l.sin
F : Gaya Lorentz (N)
B : Medan Magnet (Tesla)
i : Kuat Arus (Ampere)
u: Sudut antara i dan B
L : Panjang Kawat (m)
Latihan
Kawat tembaga lurus horisontal dilalui
arus i=28 A. Tentukan besar dan arah utk
medan magnetik B min agar mengimbangi
gaya gravitasi thd kawat tsb. Densitas
linear kawat (massa per unit panjang) ad.
46,66 g/m
Jawab contoh soal 1
Arus keluar dr surface
Krn kawat membw arus,
gaya magnetik F
B
akan
bekerja pd kawat jk kawat
berada di medan magnet B
Utk mengimbangi gaya
gravitasi ke bwh
diinginkan F
B
keatas
Arah F
B
berhub. dg arah B &
panjang kawat L
Krn L arahnya horisontal,
utk mendpt gaya F
B
ke
atas B harus horisontal
ke kanan
Besarnya F
B
:


Yg diinginkan F
B
seimbang
dg F
g
, mk


m ad. massa kawat

Diinginkan besar medan
magnet min max
harga sin |; |=90
o
B diatur agar tegak
lurus thd kawat, agar
sin | =1, shg


m/L ad. densitas linear
kawat, mk




Arah medan magnet ke
kanan
Adaptif Hal.: 18 Isi dengan Judul Halaman Terkait
LORENTZ FORCE
Lorentz force on moving electric charges
Note :
B = magnetic induction (T)
o = the angel between B and v
q = electric charges (C)
v = particles speed (m/s)
If an electric charge is moving in the magnetic field, then it will
undergo Lorentz force which its magnitude can be determined by
the following equation:
o sin v q B F
L
=
+
X X X
X X X
X X X
X X X
X X X
v
F
L

B
X X X
X X X
X X X
X X X
X X X
-
v
F
L

B
Positive charge
Negative charge
Practice With Directions:
X X X X
X X X X X
X X X X X
X X
- - - -
- - - -
- - - -
- - - -
X X X X
X X X X X
X X X X X
X X
- - - -
- - - -
- - - -
- - - -
What is the direction of the force F on the charge in each of the
examples described below?
-
v
-
v
+
v
v
+
Up
F
Left
F
F
Right
Up
F
negative q
Crossed E and B Fields
The motion of charged particles, such as electrons, can be controlled by
combined electric and magnetic fields.
x x x x
x x x x
+
-
e
-

v
Note: F
E
on electron is
upward and opposite E-
field.
But, F
B
on electron is down
(left-hand rule).
Zero deflection when F
B

= F
E

B
v
F
E

E e
-

-
B
v
F
B

-
The Velocity Selector
This device uses crossed fields to select only those velocities for which F
B

= F
E
. (Verify directions for +q)
x x x x
x x x x
+
-
+q
v
Source
of +q
Velocity selector
When F
B
= F
E
:
qvB qE =
E
v
B
=
By adjusting the E and/or B-fields, a person can select only those ions
with the desired velocity.
Example 2. A lithium ion, q = +1.6 x 10
-16
C,
is projected through a velocity selector where
B = 20 mT. The E-field is adjusted to select a
velocity of 1.5 x 10
6
m/s. What is the electric
field E?
x x x x
x x x x
+
-
+q
v
Source
of +q
V
E
v
B
=
E = vB
E = (1.5 x 10
6
m/s)(20 x 10
-3
T);
E = 3.00 x 10
4
V/m
Circular Motion in B-field
The magnetic force F on a moving charge is always perpendicular to its
velocity v. Thus, a charge moving in a B-field will experience a
centripetal force.
X X X X X X
X X X X X X
X X X X X X
X X X X X X
X X X X X X
+
+
+
+
Centripetal F
c
= F
B

R
F
c

2
; ;
C B
mv
F F qvB
R
= =
2
mv
qvB
R
=
C B
F F =
The radius of
path is:
mv
R
qB
=
i
1
i
2

i
1
i
2

Besar Gaya tarik/tolak ;
R
L i i k
F
. . .
2 1
=
F = Gaya Lorentz (N)
K = 2 x 10
-7
NA
L = Panjang kawat (m)
R = jarak pisah antara kedua kawat (m)
i
1
i
2
= Kuat arus pada kawat 1dan 2 (A)