Prof. Neriza G.

Mamasabulod


COURSE OBJECTIVES
ENABLE THE STUDENT TO
ACQUIRE BASIC KNOWLEDGE,
ATTITUDES, AND SKILLS
RELATED TO THE NORMAL
FUNCTIONING OF THE BODY
WHICH HE CAN USE IN HIS
FUTURE RESPONSIBILITIES.
A N A T O M Y
Anatomy- is derived from the greek
terms ANA meaning up & TOME
meaning cutting w/c literally
means cutting up.
Anatomy
Is the scientific discipline that investigates
the structure of the body.
It means to dissect or cut apart and
separate, the parts of the body for study.
The study of shape & structure of the body
& its parts.
CONTENTS
THE HUMAN
ORGANISM
CHEMICAL BASIS OF
LIFE
TISSUES,GLANDS,
& MEMBRANES
INTEGUMENTARY
SYSTEM
SKELETAL SYSTEM
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
NUTRITION,
METABOLISM,BODY
TEMPERATURE
REGULATION
MUSCULAR SYSTEM
NERVOUS SYSTEM
SENSES
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
BLOOD
HEART
LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
& IMMUNITY
RESPIRATORY
SYSTEM
URINARY SYSTEM
AND FLUID BALANCE
REPRODUCTIVE
SYSTEM

Covers a Wide Range
of Studies
Structure of body parts
Microscopic organization and
processes by which they develop
Examines the relationship between
structure and function making it
easy to understand anatomy
CHAPTER 1
Introduction to the
Human Body


This chapter introduces and emphasizes the
important relationship between structure (anatomy)
and function (physiology), integrating the six levels
of organization and their characteristics. The body
plan and basic anatomical terminology are
presented with directional terms, planes of section
and general body regions. The major trunk cavities
and the serous membranes associated with each
are presented. The concept of homeostasis
described and negative-feedback mechanisms are
stressed as the normal means for maintaining
homeostasis. The relationship between structure
and function and the concept of homeostasis can be
powerful organizing themes for an entire course.


Physiology
Scientific discipline that deals
with the processes or functions of
living things.
The study of functions of the
body parts & conditions w/c
determine their functions in the
living being.

Major Goals of
Physiology are
To understand and predict the
bodys responses.
Understand how the body
maintains conditions within the
narrow range of values in the
presence of a continually
changing environment.

STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL
ORGANIZATION





Six structural levels:
Chemical level
Cell level
Tissue level
Organ level
Organ system level
Organism level




Relationships of the
Different Levels
Interaction of atoms (Chemical Level)
forming into
Molecules, the molecules structure of which
Related to its functions etc
Each level is a foundation to the next
Fig. 1.1
O
r
g
a
n
s

o
f

t
h
e

B
o
d
y


Organ Systems of the Body

CHARACTERISTICS
OF LIFE
Organization- condition in w/c the parts of
an organism have scientific relation to each
other.
Metabolism- ability to use energy to
perform vital functions.
Responsiveness- sense changes in the
environment & make adjustments to
maintain life.
Growth- increase in size of all parts of the
body.
Development- changes an organism
undergoes through time; fertilization & ends
at death.
Reproduction- formation of new cells or
new organism.
Homeostasis
Homeo = the same +
stasis = standing
It means the existence and
maintenance of a
relatively constant environment
within the body.
Variables: are conditions like
temperature, volume, and
chemical content whose values
change.
HOMEOSTASIS
Negative Feedback
Mechanism
w/c fx to maintain homeostasis.
Any deviation from set point is
made smaller or resisted.
Does not prevent variation but
maintain variation w/in a normal
range.
Ex. Maintenance of normal BP

Positive Feedback
Mechanism
Not homeostatic & are rare in
healthy individuals.
Deviation from normal value
occurs, the response of the
system is to make the deviation
even greater.
Usually creates a cycle leading
away from homeostasis & in
some cases results in death.
Terminology and the
Body Plan
Etymology- origin of new words
from Latin or Greek which is
descriptive in the original
languages.

Prefix or suffix modifies the
meaning of the word

Directional Terms
Refer to the body in the anatomical
position, regardless of its actual
position.
Anatomical position refers to a person
standing erect with feet forward, arms
hanging to the sides, and the palms of
the hands facing forward.
These are used to describe the
position of structures in relation to
other structures or body parts.
Fig. 1.7 Directional Terms
Table. 1.1
Planes=imaginary flat
surfaces
a sagittal plane divides the
body into L and R parts, a
transverse plane divides the
body into superior and inferior
parts, and a frontal plane
divides the body into anterior
and posterior parts.
Planes
A longitudinal section divides an
organ along its long axis, a
transverse section cuts an organ
at a right angle to the long axis,
and an oblique section cuts
across the long axis at an angle
other than a right angle.
Planes of Section of the Body
Planes of section Through an Organ

Body Parts and Regions
Arm
Forearm
Thigh
Leg
Head
Neck
Trunk
Thorax
Abdomen
Pelvis
Quadrants
Regions

Body Parts & Regions Anterior View
Body Parts & Regions Posterior View
Subdivisions of the
Abdomen
ABDOMINAL
QUADRANTS

Subdivisions of the Abdomen


(a) Abdominal Quadrants (b) Abdominal Regions
Serous Membranes
Secrete fluid that fills the space bet.
the parietal and visceral membranes
protect organs from friction.
Pericardial membrane-surrounds the
heart.
Peritoneal membranes lines the
abdominopelvic
Mesenteries parts of peritoneum
holding abdominal organs in place
and provide a passageway for blood
vessels and nerves to organs.
Retroperitoneal

Body Cavities
Trunk cavities
Thoracic cavity
Abdominal cavity
Mediastinum

The thoracic cavity is bounded by the
ribs and the diaphragm. The abdominal
cavity is bounded by diaphragm and the
abdominal muscles.
The pelvic cavity is surrounded by the
pelvic bones.
Trunk Cavities
Serous Membranes
Line the trunk cavities & cover the
organs.
The cavity or space is normally
filled with lubricating film of serous
fluid to prevent rubbing or organs
against each other thus preventing
damage.
Visceral- the wall in contact with
the organs.
Parietal- the outer part of the
space.
(a) Indicates cross section (b) Interior view of the section
through balloon
Location of Serous Membranes
(a) parietal pericardium (blue) (b) parietal
pleural (blue), visceral pleural (red) (c)
parietal peritoneum (blue), visceral peritoneum
(red) & mesenteries (purple)
Mesenteries
Are part of the peritoneum that hold
the abdominal organs in place and
provide a passage way for blood
vessels and nerves to organs
Retro peritoneal organs are found
behind the parietal peritoneum. The
kidneys, adrenal glands, pancreas
parts of the intestines & the urinary
bladder are examples of
retroperitoneal organs.


Thank you !!!