CSE-342

B.Eng. (Electrical Engineering)

Telecommunication
Network
Lecture 5
Telecommunication Switching
Muniba . !aman
EVOLUTION
CSE-342
2
Switching

If we could have point to point lines between all

senders and all receivers, then we would not need
switching
3
CSE-342
Switching
Imagine point to point lines between all pairs
of people:-
# of people # of lines
2 1
3 3
10 45
100 4950
1000 0.5 million
In general, for n people ?
A!antage ?
"isa!antage ?
4
CSE-342
Switching

" #witch $ro%i&e# tem$orar' $ath between en& u#er#

in a communication networ(

Tra))ic engineering i# #cience o) &e#igning #witching

networ( #o that circuit# are o$timall' u#e& * are
highl' a%ailable+ mo#t im$ortant con#i&eration i# co#t
Shehryar
Moez Umar
Arsalan
Rohan
Umair
Usama
5
CSE-342
Introduction

,e)inition

Switching

the $roce## o) &irecting a #ignal )rom it# #ource to it# &e#tination

the e#tabli#hing+ on &eman&+ o) an in&i%i&ual connection )rom a &e#ire& inlet to a

&e#ire& outlet within a #et o) inlet# an& outlet# )or a# long a# i# re-uire& )or the
tran#)er o) in)ormation

,irecting ,ata .rom Source to ,e#tination in!ol!es: in!ol!es:

"ei#ate line "ei#ate line / a tele$hone line lea#e& b' a )irm an& u#e& e0clu#i%el' b' that )irm

$wit#% $wit#% / a #$ecial $ur$o#e com$uter that &irect# incoming me##age# along a $ath

&ri!ate bran#% e'#%ange (&)*+ &ri!ate bran#% e'#%ange (&)*+ / a #$ecial-$ur$o#e com$uter that &i#tribute# call#
within a cu#tomer1# #ite Switch Switch

a #$ecial $ur$o#e com$uter that &irect# incoming me##age# along a $ath

Switching e0am$le 2ST3+ 2,3+ 2S2,3

4
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Exchange Structure

Element# o) an e0change inclu&e )ollowing 5-

1. ,on#entrator

Concentrate# call# )rom termination# to lin(#

2. -'paner

E0$an&# terminating call# to termination# * trun(#

3. "istrib.tor or gro.p swit#%

.or interconnecting #witche#+ 6 o) lin(# &eci&e& on #tati#tical ba#i#

T'$e# o) call# coul& be 5-

7wn e0change call#

7utgoing 8unction call#

9ncoming 8unction call#

Tran#it call#

$ignaling $/stem

To $a## call connection : &i#connection in)ormation between termination *

e0change an& between e0change#

Channel a##ociate& or common channel #ignaling

,ontrol $/stem

To inter$ret #ignaling in)ormation an& ta(e a$$ro$riate mea#ure#

;
CSE-342
Switching Types

2oint-to-2oint 3etwor( Switching

Circuit Switching+ Me##age Switching+ 2ac(et Switching+ Cell Switching

Connection-7riente& %er#u# Connectionle##

<irtual Circuit %er#u# ,atagram 3etwor(#

9nternal:E0ternal "b#traction#

2oint-to-2oint Switching

Circuit Switching

Store-an& -.orwar& 3etwor(#

Me##age Switching

2ac(et Switching

connection-oriente& %# connectionle##

%irtual circuit %# &atagram

Cell Switching
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=
Switch System Classification
>
CSE-342
Message Switching

Me##age i# )ir#t #tore& in bu))er an& then #ent

)orwar& a# an& when re#ource# become a%ailable
or #u))icient me##age# ha%e been collecte&

"l#o calle& #tore an& )orwar&

9t i# e0am$le o) -ueuing #'#tem

E0am$le i# telegra$h me##age

"&%antage

Better utili?ation o) ban&wi&th

,i#a&%antage

,ela'
@A
CSE-342
ircuit Switching

" $ath i# e#tabli#he& between caller an&

&e#tination )or that call

9) all the cct# are bu#' then call i# lo#t

there)ore it i# an e0am$le o) lo#t call #'#tem

"&%antage

3o &ela' + real time communication

,i#a&%antage

Low ban&wi&th e))icienc'+ cct# u#e& )or )raction o) time

#$eech contain# $au#e# an& #ilent inter%al

E0am$le i# 2ST3
@@
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@2
ircuit Switching

Circuit Switching (Tele$hone networ()

7ne $h'#ical lin( i# e#tabli#he& )or each connection

See(ing out an& e#tabli#hing a $h'#ical co$$er $ath en&-to-en&

Bhi#toric &e)initionC .

Circuit #witching im$lie# the nee& to )ir#t set up a &e&icate&+ en&-to-

en& $ath )or the connection before the in)ormation tran#)er ta(e# $lace.

7nce the connection i# ma&e the onl' &ela' i# $ro$agation time.

"&%antage

3o &ela' + real time communication

,i#a&%antage

Low ban&wi&th e))icienc'+ cct# u#e&

)or )raction o) time #$eech contain#
$au#e# an& #ilent inter%al
!acket Switching

Me##age i# bro(en &own into $ac(et# an& then

each $ac(et i# #ent #e$aratel' ($o##ibl' b'
&i))erent route#)

9) outgoing route# are bu#' then the' are (e$t

in -ueue there)ore $ac(et #witch i# an e0am$le
o) -ueuing #'#tem

Switche# #houl& be intelligent to choo#e be#t

routing $ath

E0am$le i# internet

"&%antage

Better ban&wi&th e))icienc'

,i#a&%antage

2ac(et #witching intro&uce# latenc'

@3
CSE-342
!acket Switching
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@4
omparison
Characteri#tic# Circuit 2ac(et
7rigin <oice tel ,ata 3D
Connection
le## or oriente&
Connection-
7riente&
Both
,ela' Low Eigh
3D
intelligence
centrali?e& ,e-centrali?e&
BD e))icienc' Low Eigh
9n)ormation
Lo##
Low Eigh
@5
CSE-342
ircuit Switching "s# !acket Switching

C9FCG9T SD9TCE93H C9FCG9T SD9TCE93H5

The metho& u#e& in tele$hone networ(#

Set# u$ a tem$orar' circuit between the #ource an& the &e#tination

Fe#ource# are re#er%e& )or the &uration o) the #e##ion (call)

2"CIET SD9TCE93H 2"CIET SD9TCE93H5

"$$ro$riate when &ata are tran#mitte& in)re-uentl' )rom a large

number o) no&e#

G#e& on the 9nternet

The me##age i# &i%i&e& into $ac(et# containing control in)ormation

3o circuit i# e#tabli#he&

2ro%i&e# better #haring o) re#ource#

Multi$le u#er# #hare the #ame re#ource#

" #tore-an&-)orwar& networ( where the bloc( o) tran#)er i# a

com$lete packet. " $ac(et i# a %ariable length bloc( o) &ata with a
tight u$$er boun&.
CSE-342
@4
ircuit Switching "s !acket Switching
(a) Circuit #witching. (b) 2ac(et #witching.
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@;
CSE-342
@=
Circuit #witching Me##age #witching 2ac(et #witching
E"ent Timing
E"ent Timing
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@>
$ %
th
Ed#& '# Stallings& (igure )*#+
Circuit #witching <irtual circuit $ac(et #witching ,atagram 2ac(et #witching
onnection,-riented

" #etu$ #tage i# u#e& to &etermine the en&-to-en& $ath be)ore a

connection i# e#tabli#he&.

,ata )low #tream# are i&enti)ie& b' #ome t'$e o) connection

in&icator (e.g. 7S9+ J.25+ S3").
CSE-342
2A
onnectionless -riented

3o #et u$ i# nee&e&

Each $ac(et contain# in)ormation which allow# the $ac(et to be

in&i%i&uall' route& ho$-b'-ho$ through the networ(.
CSE-342
2@
$atagram "s .irtual ircuit
,atagram

Each &atagram $ac(et ma' be in&i%i&uall' route&.

<irtual Circuit

<irtual circuit #et u$ i# re-uire&.

"ll $ac(et# in a %irtual circuit )ollow the #ame $ath.

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External .irtual ircuit/$atagram
CSE-342
23
9nternal
<irtual Circuit
"n& ,atagram
7$eration
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24
onnection Strategies

,ir#.it swit#%ing. " $ermanent $h'#ical lin( i# e#tabli#he& )or the

&uration o) the communication (i.e.+ tele$hone #'#tem).

0essage swit#%ing. " tem$orar' lin( i# e#tabli#he& )or the &uration o)

one me##age tran#)er (i.e.+ $o#t-o))ice mailing #'#tem).

&a#1et swit#%ing. Me##age# o) %ariable length are &i%i&e& into )i0e&-

length $ac(et# which are #ent to the &e#tination. Each $ac(et ma' ta(e
a &i))erent $ath through the networ(. The $ac(et# mu#t be
rea##emble& into me##age# a# the' arri%e.

Circuit #witching re-uire# #etu$ time+ but incur# le## o%erhea& )or
#hi$$ing each me##age+ an& ma' wa#te networ( ban&wi&th. Me##age
an& $ac(et #witching re-uire le## #etu$ time+ but incur more o%erhea&
$er me##age.
CSE-342
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24
ircuit switched and packet,switched
networks
CSE-342
B.Eng. (Electrical Engineering)
Telecommunication
Network
Switching Technolog'
ategorizing switching
CSE-342
2=
S2C5 Store& $rogram control
Switch System Classification
2>
CSE-342
Manual Switching

@=;4 ". H. Bell tele$hone $atent

@=;= The )ir#t e0change con#tructe&

in La 2orte+ the GS

connect an' two o) the 2@

#ub#criber# u#ing manual #witching

" ringing #ignal #oun&e& at the

o$eratorK# #witchboar& when an' o)
the #ub#criber# turne& the cran( o)
hi# tele$hone

G$on an#wering the #ignal+ the

o$erator wa# a#(e& to connect the
call

En&-to-en& $h'#ical $ath or

connection

Se-uencing $re#er%e&5 "BC,E in

im$lie# "BC,E out

3othing i# lo#t or in#erte&

CSE-342
3A
switchboard
Plug-
cord
Manual Switching

" #im$le manual #witchboar& ha# #ub#criber#1

termination# connecte& to 8ac(# (#oc(et#)

The Llin(#M con#i#t o) a $air o) $lug# on )le0ible

cor&# (wire#) which can be u#e& to interconnect
an' $air o) 8ac(#

Signaling con#i#t# o) calling in&icator# (e.g.

rela'# an& lam$#) an& clearing in&icator#

Call routing in#truction# are $a##e& %erball'

3@
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Manual Switching
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Manual Switching

Manual e0change &emon#trate )ollowing )eature#5

Central-batter' o$eration

Loo$:&i#connect #ignaling

The multi$le

Bu#' te#ting

Concentration

Metering an& tic(eting

Cla##e# o) #er%ice

Common control

Scanning

Store&-$rogram control

Common-channel #ignaling
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CSE-342
Manual Switching

"&%antage#

Euman control

Ser%ice# #uch a# a&%ice o) &uration an& charge+ tran#)er o) call#

when ab#ent+ wa(e u$ call# etc.+ which are #o com$le0 to
$ro%i&e automaticall'+ $o#e no $roblem on manual e0change#

,i#a&%antage

The wea(ne## o) the manual e0change+ which ha# re#ulte& in it#

almo#t com$lete &i#a$$earance+ wa# e##entiall' it# #lowne##

Long &i#tance calling in%ol%e& chain o) o$erator#

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CSE-342
(unctions o0 a Switching System
@. "tten&ing
2. 9n)ormation recei%ing (a&&re## #ignal)
3. 9n)ormation $roce##ing
4. Bu#' te#ting
5. 9nterconnection
4. "lerting
;. Su$er%i#ion
=. 9n)ormation #en&ing
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35
Switch System Classification
34
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Strowger

9n @=>@+ )ir#t automatic tele$hon' #'#tem wa#

intro&uce& b' Strowger

Strowger1# bu#ine## wa# being ta(en awa' b'

hi# com$etitor1# wi)e who wa# wor(ing a#
tele$hone o$erator

Ste$$ing rela' wa# u#e& to allow a #ub#criber

&ialing a tele$hone to #elect one o) ten line#

Dhen the #ub#criber &ial# the tele$hone a

#erie# o) electrical $ul#e# are generate& on the
line (at a ma0imum rate o) ten $er #econ&)

Each $ul#e cau#e# the uni-#elector (which #tart#

at the KhomeK $o#ition) to be a&%ance& b' one
#te$ 3;
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Strowger 1Two motion Selector2

Two motion #elector# t'$icall' ha%e @A row#

with @A contact# each

9t can mo%e %erticall' an& hori?ontall'

9t can there)ore acce$t two &iale& &igit# )rom

a #ub#criber an& route the call to an' o) @AA
number#

The )ir#t &igit mo%e# the #elector %erticall' u$

to the corre#$on&ing le%el

The #econ& &igit mo%e# the wi$er# aroun&

the contact# o) that le%el
3=
CSE-342
Strowger3s Step 4y Step Switch
CSE-342
3>
Rotating shaft
Sliding
arm
10 X 10 Array of contacts
Two motion Selector
4A
CSE-342
Two motion Selector
4@
CSE-342
Strowger

9n an @AA line e0change each u#er ha# to be

$ro%i&e& with hi# own @AA outlet 2 motion #elector

Thi# can be a%oi&e& b' u#ing #tage o) uni

#elector# at the beginning

9) we want to increa#e the #i?e o) e0change then

we can u#e more ban(# o) 2 motion #elector#

,irector i# u#e& to tran#late the &igit# &iale& b'

u#er into actual routing &igit# )or call# out#i&e
e0change
42
CSE-342
Strowger Switch
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43
Strowger switch
Uniselector 5 6roup selector

Uniselector

one which ha# a #ingle rotar' #witch with a ban( o) contact#

,e$en&ing u$on the number o) #witching contact#+ uni#elector#

are i&enti)ie& a# @A outlet or 24 outlet uni#elector#

Se%eral uni#elector# can be gra&e& together #o that multi$le

incoming circuit# can be connecte& to multi$le outgoing circuit#

chea$er

act a# a concentrator to enable a large number o) line# to #hare

a #maller number o) two-motion #elector#.

2peration: #el)-&ri%e mo&e o) o$eration $er)orme& b' a &ri%e

mechani#m o) a rotar' #witch. Thi# mechani#m contain# an
armature+ electromagnet+ 2awl+ an& Fatchet wheel. The wi$er i#
attache& to the ratchet wheel. Dhen the line rela' &etect# a
calling #ignal+ the magnet i# energi?e& an& o$erate# the ratchet
wheel+ $awl an& it# a##ociate& wi$er. Dhen the electromagnet
i# &e-energi#e& the armature i# relea#e& an& return# to it# re#t
$o#ition.
CSE-342
44
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45
Uni,Selector
44
CSE-342
Strowger Switch
CSE-342
4;
Gni#elector
A
>
=
;
4
5
4
3
2
@
A
>
=
;
4
5
4
3
2
@
A
>
=
;
4
5
4
3
2
@
A
>
=
;
4
5
4
3
2
@
@
#t
2
n&
3
r&
.inal
A
)
,
Hrou$ Selector
Step 7y Step Switching

9n general+ the Strowger #witching #'#tem con#i#t#

o)5

#ub#criber1# line circuit+

line )in&er * alloter circuit

Hrou$ #elector an&

)inal #elector
CSE-342
4=

$.bs#riber line #ir#.it ($3,+

E%er' #ub#criber i# connecte& to hi# local e0change b' one

$air o) wire#

Thi# #ingle $air carrie# the %oice in both &irection# an& the
ring current to ring the bell when a call i# recei%e&

"t the e0change+ e%er' #ub#criber line terminate# into it#

own SLC

Thi# con#i#t# o) a $air o) rela'# &e&icate& to that #ub#criber

Femaining #witching circuit# are #hare& b' all the

#ub#criber#.

Dhen the #ub#criber li)t# hi# han&#et+ current #tart# to )low

on the line. Thi# i# &etecte& b' the SLC.
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4>

3ine 4iner 5 Alloter

Mechani#m to )in& a )ree #elector an& to connect the calling

#ub#criber to that )ree #elector

6ro.p sele#tor

u#e& in the e0change that ha# more than one ran( o) two-
motion #elector. The #elector each #te$ %erticall' in
re#$on#e to a &iale& &igit. Eowe%er+ &uring the inter-&igit
$au#e the' o$erate in a #el)-&ri%e mo&e li(e a uni#elector.
Thu#+ the wi$er hunt )or a )ree outlet on the #electe& le%el+
which lea&# to a #elector in the ne0t #witching #tage. The
#elector in the la#t #tage re#$on& to two &iale& &igit# an& i#
calle& final sele#tors.
CSE-342
5A
Routing o0 a 8ocal call in Strowger System
CSE-342
5@

Dh' #te$ b' #te$N

"isa!antages:

regular maintenance b' the #(ille& technician# are nece##ar'

9t i# not )ea#ible to #elect an alternate route )or intero))ice call#+ i) all the
trun(# are bu#'

limite& to &ial $ul#e#

9) calling rate i# high+ hea%' o$eration i# $er)orme& b' the #'#tem an&
the li)e time o) the #'#tem i# le##

Conge#tion coul& ari#e when the #witching #'#tem i# hea%il' loa&e&

ca$acit' o) #witching #'#tem re&uce# becau#e o) )ire #er%ice+ $olice

ambulance+ )ault re$ort#+ &irector' en-uir'+ o$erator a##i#tance etc

can acce$t onl' ; to > $ul#e# in @ #econ& hence not #uitable )or )a#t
&ialing

Large in #i?e

3oi#e
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52
ircuit # # #

CSE-342
53
SxS
link link
SxS
link
Could be 10 or more links
Example

Con#truct a #witch with 5A outlet# o) 3 wire# each

)rom a 25-wa' uni#elector with 4 wi$er#
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CSE-342
8inked Num7ering Scheme 18NS2

.or 8unction call#+ &iale& &igit# are u#e& to route a call

through each e0change

Thi# re-uire# &i))erent &ialing co&e# to reach the #ame

&e#tination )rom &i))erent originating e0change#

E0am$le5 call )rom e0change " to "+ B to "+ C to "+ , to "

%ia C

Thi# i# ,i#a&%antageou#

Eence u#e Linked Numbering scheme / numbering

#cheme o) an area an& the trun(ing o) it# e0change are
arrange& #o that a cu#tomer can be reache& b' &ialing the
#ame &igit# )rom an' e0change in the area

E0am$le5 @A+AAA-line main e0change an& #e%eral @AAA-

line #atellite e0change can u#e 5 &igit lin(e& numbering
#cheme. Thi# re-uire an e0tra ran( o) #elector#
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55
Register,translator,senders

"lthough L3S u#e& wi&el' but larger citie# re-uire a more

general #olution

9&eall'+ route )or call #houl& be com$letel' #e$arate )rom

the &igit# &ialle& to e#tabli#h the connection

Solution5 Fegi#ter-tran#lator-#en&er e-ui$ment

3umber &ialle& b' the cu#tomer i# #tore& (regi#tere&) in

the regi#ter

Store& &igit# are then anal'?e& to &etermine the routing

9) nece##ar'+ $art o) the number i# tran#late& into a

&i))erent number which i# #ent out to e#tabli#h the
connection

B' u#ing &i))erent tran#lation# all cu#tomer can &ial #ame

&igit# to reach a terminating e0change
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54

7egister u#e& onl' at the beginning o) call

Time ta(en to com$lete the whole $roce## i# onl' )raction o) a

minute

There)ore+ regi#ter# are $ro%i&e& a# common control#+

connecte& to a trun( b' an au0iliar' #witch

9n electromechanical #'#tem#+ regi#ter )unction i# $er)orme& b'

rela'# or #witche#

Mo&ern #'#tem# u#e more ra$i& #ignaling metho&# in or&er to

re&uce the $o#t-&ialing &ela'

8ranslator )unction con#i#t# o) loo(ing u$ a table o) &ata

,iale& &igit# #tore& in the regi#ter are u#e& to acce## an

a&&re## in a #tore an& the number rea& out )rom that a&&re## i#
the tran#lation

Since charge )or a call &e$en&# on it# &e#tination+ tran#lation

ma' al#o contain the charging rate )or the call
CSE-342
5;
Register,translator,senders

Fegi#ter# were a&&e& to #te$-b'-#te$ e0change )or

u#e in large citie#

Gni)orm ;-&igit numbering #cheme i# u#e&

throughout the area

The )ir#t three &igit# ("BC) are an e0change co&e

(which i# tran#late&) an& the la#t )our &igit# are the
cu#tomer1# number on that e0change (which i# not
tran#late&)

The#e regi#ter# are calle& Directors

CSE-342
5=
Switch System Classification
5>
CSE-342
Crossbar

Strowger #witche# re-uire regular maintenanceO ban(#

nee& cleaning+ mechani#m# nee& lubrication an&
a&8u#tment+ an& wi$er# * cor&# wear out

Fe$lace manuall' o$erate& #witch b' a matri0 o)

tele$hone rela'#+ with their contact# multi$lie& together
hori?ontall' an& %erticall'.

Thi# mean# a #witch with 3 inlet# an& 3 outlet# will

re-uire 3
2
rela'# )or it# cro##$oint Gneconomic
#olution

More economic #olution wa# $ro%i&e& b' H. ".

Betulan&er in @>@; b' the in%ention o) cro##bar #witch

Cro##bar #witch retain# a #et o) contact# at each $oint

but the#e are o$erate& through hori?ontal (#elect
magnet#) an& %ertical (hol& or bri&ge) magnet# at the
#i&e# o) the #witch
4A
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CSE-342
4@
Crossbar

" cro##bar #witch connect# multi$le in$ut# to multi$le

out$ut# in a matri0 manner

9) the #witch ha# M in$ut# an& 3 out$ut#+ then a

cro##bar ha# a matri0 with M 0 3 cro##-$oint#

"t each cro##-$oint #ome )orm o) #witch contact i#

nee&e& to com$lete the connection between
hori?ontal an& %ertical line#

"n' o) the M inlet# can be connecte& to an' o) the 3

outlet# b' clo#ing the a$$ro$riate #witch contact#

Ma0imum number o) #imultaneou# connection# that

can be carrie& b' a matri0 #witch i# gi%en b' which
e%er o) the number o) inlet# or outlet# i# #maller
42
CSE-342
CSE-342
43

9nlet @ to outlet 2 b' clo#ing contact N

9nlet 4 to outlet 3 b' clo#ing contact N

44
CSE-342
Crossbar
Source:
M. P. Clark, Networks and Telecommunications Design and Operation 2
nd
Edition,
John Wiley & Sons Ltd, pp. 96, 1997.
Crossbar sitch
45
CSE-342
Crossbar Switches

Cro##bar e0change# are e0am$le o) common:regi#ter

controlle& #'#tem# i.e. control circuit i# #hare&

Ba#ic buil&ing bloc(# are 5-

Lin( )rame (con#i#t o) number o) cro##bar)

Mar(er (Control# connection between inlet# an& outlet#)

Fegi#ter (&eco&e# &iale& number)

Cro##bar ha# no Pintelligence1

" Marker mu#t &eci&e which magnet# to o$erate

a #ingle mar(er can control man' #witche# an& #er%e

man' regi#ter#

Thu# e%en a large e0change nee&# )ew mar(er#

Thi# i# calle& centralized control

44
CSE-342
Crossbar Switches

Cu#tomer line circuit &etect# calling con&ition

Signal# rele%ant mar(er to e#tabli#h

connection through concentration #tage to
)ree tran#mi##ion bri&ge

Tran#mi##ion bri&ge u#e# another mar(er to

#elect )ree regi#ter

Fegi#ter will recei%e an& anal'?e number an&

then #ei?e Mar(er to #et a$$ro$riate #witche#
in grou$ #elector or concentration #tage
4;
CSE-342
Crossbar Switches

7nce connection ha# been e#tabli#he& then

mar(er an& regi#ter are relea#e&

Le## number# o) mar(er# an& regi#ter# are

nee&e& a# the' are being u#e& &uring #etting u$
o) connection an& &ialing onl'

Su$er%i#ion o) call i# then $ro%i&e& b'

tran#mi##ion bri&ge

,iale& number an& number allocate& to

$articular line nee& not to ha%e an' relation &ue
to u#e o) regi#ter )or tran#lation

3umber o) #witching #tage# nee& not to be

&e$en&ent on e0change numbering #cheme
4=
CSE-342
ross7ar

CSE-342
4>
horizontals
Crosspoint
detail
verticals
ross7ar

CSE-342
;A
Multistage switching

Three $o##ible #ituation )or cro##bar coul& be 5-

mQn (non bloc(ing)+ mRn (concentrating)+ mSn (e0$an&ing)

"# 3 increa#e# the number o) re-uire& cro##

$oint# can be e0ce##i%el' high but )ewer than
25T o) the cro## $oint# are u#e& at a gi%en
time.

9n or&er to #a%e cro## $oint#+ cro##bar can be

arrange& in #tage#

9t can #u))er internal bloc(ing i) #u))icient number

o) #tage# are not $ro%i&e&
;@
CSE-342
Multistage switching

9ow oes it wor1?

"i!ie t%e 1: inlets into gro.ps of 4.

1
st
o.tlet of ea#% $tage 1 blo#1 is #onne#te to an inlet of t%e
1
st
$tage 2 blo#1.

2
n
o.tlet of ea#% $tage 1 blo#1 is #onne#te to an inlet of
t%e 2
n
$tage 2 blo#1.

3
r
o.tlet of ea#% $tage 1 blo#1 is #onne#te to an inlet of
t%e 3
r
$tage 2 blo#1;

i
t%
o.tlet of ea#% $tage 1 blo#1 is #onne#te to an inlet of t%e
i
t%
$tage 2 blo#1.
1
! " !
2
! " !
3
! " !
4
! " !
1
! " !
2
! " !
3
! " !
4
! " !
;2
CSE-342
Multistage switching

@AA 0 @AA u#ing @A b' @A matrice#

10 x 10
1
10
1
10
10 x 10
1
10
1
10
(10)
10 x 10
1
10
1
10
10 x 10
1
10
1
10
(10)
100 Inlets 100 Outlets
;3
CSE-342

9t ma' not alwa'# be $o##ible to ma(e a connection e%en

when the re-uire& outgoing trun( i# )reeNNN

Bloc(ing / there are )ree outgoing trun(# an& )ree lin(#

a%ailable but the' cannot be u#e& together

Tra))ic ca$acit' i# there)ore a))ecte& b' internal bloc(ing

a# well a# conge#tion o) the e0ternal trun(#

Dhen mar(er i# in#tructe& to #et u$ a connection+ thi#

al#o &e)ine# the lin( to be u#e& an& the #elect an& bri&ge
magnet# to be o$erate&

The connection i# not ma&e until the mar(er ha# chec(e&

the bu#':)ree con&ition o) the outgoing trun( an& the
rele%ant lin(

The connection i# ma&e onl' i) both are )oun& to be )ree

Thi# i# calle& con&itional #election

CSE-342
;4
Multistage Switching
;5
CSE-342
Multistage Switching

Let 3 Q number o) inlet# an& outlet#

Let n Q #i?e o) each inlet-outlet grou$

Let ( Q number o) center-#tage grou$#

There are 3:n grou$# in the )ir#t an& la#t #tage#

There are (3:n) (n() cro## $oint# in the )ir#t an&

la#t #tage#

There are ( mi&&le grou$# with (3:n)

2
cro##
$oint# in each mi&&le arra'

There are 3
0
Q 23(U((3:n)
2
cro## $oint# total
which i# much #maller than the number o) cro##
$oint# in a #ingle-#tage #witch (3
2
)
;4
CSE-342
Multistage Switching

E0am$le5

.or 3 Q @AA+ The #-uare matri0 will re-uire

@AA 0 @AA Q @A+AAA cro## $oint#

"##uming n Q I Q @AO 6 o) cro## $oint# are5

Q @A(@AA:@A)
2
U 2 0 @AA 0 @A Q 22AA

Sa%ing Q ;=T. The #a%ing will increa#e a# 3

increa#e#

A!antage: 8%e n.mber of #ross points

"isa!antage: blo#1ing

,los #riterion: #onition of non blo#1ing

n < (=>2+
1>2

k ? 2n @ 1

,ross points A 4= B(2=+

1>2
@ 1C
;;
CSE-342
Switch System lassi0ication
;=
CSE-342
Stored !rogram control

9n electromechanical e0change#+ common control mainl'

u#e #witche# an& rela'#

Since the' are o$erate& much more )re-uentl' there)ore

wear out earlier

"l#o+ Cro##bar #witche# were #low in $roce##ing call#

There)ore+ rela'# were re$lace& b' %acuum tube#+

tran#i#tor#+ CFT etc to im$ro%e #$ee&+ who#e li)e i#
almo#t in&e$en&ent o) it# )re-uenc' o) o$eration

")ter in%ention o) mo&ern &igital com$uter# the' &eci&e&

to u#e them )or controlling #witche# al#o

Com$uter u#e the #tore $rogram conce$t i.e. in#truction#

are #tore& in memor' an& are e0ecute& one b' one

S2C al#o carrie# out e0change control )unction through

$rogram #tore& in memor'
;>
CSE-342
Stored !rogram control

S2C allowe& #e%eral )eature# to be e0ten&e& to

u#er# li(e5

Call barring

Fe$eat la#t call

Femin&er call# e.g. wa(e-u$ call

Call &i%er#ion

Three wa' call#

Charge a&%ice

Com$uter ha# to be highl' tolerant to )ault#

9n @>45+ )ir#t S2C e0change wa# in#talle& in GS" b'

"T*T at 3ew Ver#e'

There are two a$$roache# o) im$lementing S2C

Centrali?e&

,i#tribute&
=A
CSE-342
entral ontrol

9n Central control+ central $roce##or control# e%er'

thing an& $er)orm# &i))erent )unction# with the
#ame har&ware b' e0ecuting &i))erent $rogram#

Central control u#e# ree& rela' )or cro## $oint#

Fee& rela' con#i#t o) #eale& contact# in#i&e an

o$erating coil an& gla##

The' are )a#ter an& more reliable a# there are

#eale& an& there are no e0ternal mo%ing $art#

Each cro## $oint ha# it# own ree& rela'

Thi# #'#tem i# #imilar to manual e0change i.e.

#ingle $roce##or i# controlling e%er' thing
=@
CSE-342
Reed Relay
=2
CSE-342
Reed Relay with entral ontrol

" #canner i# continuou#l' monitoring all the

connection#

Thi# recor& i# acce##ible to $roce##or

2roce##or u#e# mar(er to e#tabli#h $ath

between calling line an& regi#ter

Fegi#ter #en&# &ata to $roce##or )or action

2roce##or e#tabli#he# connection through ree&

rela' #witching networ( u#ing mar(er

More then one $roce##or# are em$lo'e& in

actual e0change#
=3
CSE-342
Reed Relay with entral ontrol
Fegi#ter#
2roce##or# Scanner
Mar(er#
LC
7ee 7ela/

$D =D
Vunction#
=4
CSE-342
Ree Relay with Central Control
T!E"# $Tele%hone E&change Electronics'
=5
CSE-342
(istribute Control

Control )unction# are #hare& b' man'

$roce##or# in an e0change

7))er# better a%ailabilit' an& reliabilit' an& wa#

$o##ible becau#e o) low co#t o) $roce##or#

Control )unction# can be &i%i&e& hori?ontall' or

%erticall'

E0change control )unction# are &i%i&e& among

number o) $roce##or# an& each $roce##or i#
re#$on#ible to &o all the ta#(#

9n hori?ontal &ecom$o#ition+ each $roce##or

$er)orm onl' one or #ome )unction
=4
CSE-342