Engineering Mechanics

Rigid Body
Mechanics
Deformable Body
Mechanics
Strength of
Materials
Statics
Dynamics
Fluid
Mechanics
General
Chemical
Physicochemical
Mechanical
Thermal
Electrical and magnetic
Acoustical & Optical
Classes of Material Properties
Mechanical Properties of
Engineering Materials
Some include:
Strength
Tension, compression, shear etc.
Static, impact, and endurance
Stiffness
Elasticity
Plasticity
Ductility
Brittleness
Hardness & wear resistance
Properties of Materials

Each material has many properties. Some of them
are :-
Hardness Toughness Strength
Brittleness Malleability Ductility
Elasticity Plasticity Conductivity
Density Fatigue Stiffness
Types of strength
In engineering the term strength is always
defined and is probably one of the following
- Compressive strength
- Tensile strength
- Shear strength
depending on the type of loading.

Compression
, tension,
bending and
shear
Shear
Stress
This cylinder
is in Tension
Forces
Flexural (bending)
stress
This cylinder
is in
compression
Stress
This is a measure of the internal resistance in a
material to an externally applied load. For
direct compressive or tensile loading the
stress is designated o and is defined as:

A area
W load
= stress o
Types of stress
Compressive
stress
Compressive
load
Tensile load
Compressive
load
Tensile load
Tensile
Stress
Shear Stress
Similarly in shear the shear stress t is a measure of
the internal resistance of a material to an externally
applied shear load. The shear stress is defined as:

shear stress =
load W
area resisting shear A
t
Shear stress
Shear force
Shear Force
Area resisting
shear
Ultimate Strength
The strength of a material is a measure of the
stress that it can take when in use. The ultimate
strength is the measured stress at failure but this is
not normally used for design because safety factors
are required. The normal way to define a safety
factor is :

stress e Permissibl
stress Ultimate
loaded when stress
failure at stress
= factor safety =
Strain
We must also define strain. In engineering this
is not a measure of force but is a measure of
the deformation produced by the influence of
stress. For tensile and compressive loads:


Strain is dimensionless, i.e. it is not measured
in metres, killogrammes etc.


For shear loads the strain is defined as the
angle This is measured in radians
strain =
increase in length x
original length L
c
shear strain
shear displacement x
width L
~
Shear stress and strain
Shear force
Shear Force
Area resisting
shear
Shear displacement (x)
Shear strain is angle
L
Units of stress and strain
The basic unit for Force and Load is the Newton (N)
which is equivalent to kg m/s
2
. One kilogramme (kg)
weight is equal to 9.81 N.
In industry the units of stress are normally Newtons
per square millimetre (N/mm
2
) but this is not a base
unit for calculations.
The MKS unit for pressure is the Pascal. 1 Pascal =
1 Newton per square metre
Pressure and Stress have the same units 1 MPa = 1
N/mm
2

Strain has no dimensions. It is expressed as a
percentage or in microstrain (s).
A strain of 1 s is an extension of one part per
million. A strain of 0.2% is equal to 2000 s
Elastic and Plastic deformation
Stress
Strain
Stress
Strain
Permanent
Deformation
Elastic deformation
Plastic deformation
Stress-Strain curve for steel
Yield
Elastic

0.2%
proof
stress
Stress
Strain
0.2%
Plastic
Failure
Energy absorbed
Stress
(force)
Strain (distance)
Final strain
Area = average stress

final strain
= Energy absorbed
= work done
Modulus of Elasticity
If the strain is "elastic" Hooke's law may be
used to define


Young's modulus is also called the modulus of
elasticity or stiffness and is a measure of how
much strain occurs due to a given stress.
Because strain is dimensionless Young's
modulus has the units of stress or pressure
A
L

x
W
=
Strain
Stress
= E Modulus Youngs
Flexural Strength
d=depth
deflection x
Span L
Tension region
Compression region
b=breadth
Load W
Poissons Ratio
This is a measure of the amount by which a
solid "spreads out sideways" under the action
of a load from above. It is defined as:
(lateral strain) / (vertical strain)
and is dimensionless.
Note that a material like timber which has a
"grain direction" will have a number of
different Poisson's ratios corresponding to
loading and deformation in different directions.
Different mechanical members
Beams
Coloumns
Shafts
Pressure Vessels
Springs
Frames and Structures




Types of loadings
Point/Concentrated loads.
Self weight/Uniformly distributed load.
Uniformly varying loads.

Support Types and Reactions (2D):
Support Types and Reactions (2D):
Universal Testing Machine
Fatigue
Stress
Strain
Failure