dr. Alya Amila Fitrie, M.Kes, Sp.

PA
Department of Histology
Faculty of Medicine
University of Sumatera Utara
2014
Lip
Palate
Tongue
Oral
Cavity
Esophagus
Stomach (Cardia, Fundus and
Corpus, Pylorus)
Small intestine (Duodenum,
Jejunum, Ileum)
Large Intestine (Caecum,
Appendix, Colon,)
Rectum
Anal Canal)
Alimentary
Canal
Salivary
Gland
Liver
Gall
bladder
Pancreas
Glands
3 regions:
External aspects
is covered with thin skin
Vermillion Zone
The pink region of the lip
is covered with thin skin, devoid sweat gland and hair follicles
Mucous aspect
is covered by stratified squamous non keratinized ep.
Sub mucosa is composed of dense and loose connective
tissue. They have dense vascularization
Muscle: skeletal muscle
Crown, cervix, root
Mineralized: Enamel, Dentin,
Cementum
Periodonsium: Gingiva, Alveolus,
Periodontal ligament
Pulp chamber: Connective tissue,
vascular, lymph, nerve
Hard palate
str squamous
keratinized/
parakeratini
zed ep,
irregular
collagenous
CT, and bony
shelf
Soft palate
str squamous
nonkeratini
zed ep, dense
irregular CT,
minor
salivary
glands, and
bony shelf
Uvula
str squamous
nonkeratini
zed ep,
areolar CT,
muscle
Dorsal surface : Lingual papillae
Filiform papillae : Str squamous
keratinized ep
Fungiform papillae
Foliate papillae (degenerate at 3 y old)
Circumvalate papillae : Von Ebner
glands produces lipase
Intrinsic and extrinsic skeletal muscle

Papila filiformis
Papila foliate
Papila
fungiformis
Papila
circumvallate
Sensory organs, perception of
taste. (In fungiform and
circumvalate papillae)
Taste pore
Oval structure, composed of 60
80 spindle-shaped cells, pale.
Microvili protrudes from taste
pore
Basal cells (type IV cells)
Dark cells (type I cells)
Light cells (type II cells)
Intermediate cells (type III cells)
Nerve fibers form synaptic
junctions w/ type I, II, III cells
MUCOSA : Epithelium, Lamina
propria (glands, lymph vessel
and nodules, richly
vascularized), Muscularis
mucosa
SUBMUCOSA : Connective
tissue layer (Dense, irregular
fibroelastic CT: glands (+) in
oesophagus n duodenum)
blood&lymphatic vessels,
Submucosal plexus
(Meissners)
MUSCULARIS EXTERNA :
Most consist of smooth
muscle w/ myenteric
(Aurbacchs) plexus)
SEROSA & ADVENTITIA
Intraperitoneal : serosa
Retroperitonea : adventitia

12
Mucosa
Submucosa
Muscularis externa
Serosa/
Adventitisa
Enteric Nervous System
Meissners submucosal plexus
Controlling secretory, mucosal movement, blood flow
regulation
Auerbachs myenteric plexus
Peristaltic Motility functions
Parasympathetic and Sympathetic Nerve
Parasympathetic
Stimulates peristalsis; inhibits sphincter muscle; triggers
secretion
Sympathetic
Inhibit peristalsis; activate sphincter muscles
Mucosa
Epithelium: Str squamous nonkeratinized ep,
Lamina propria: esophageal cardiac glands
Musc. Mucosa: single layer of longitudinally oriented smooth muscle
Submucosa
Esophageal glands
Mucous cells
Serous cells: pepsinogen + lysozyme
Muscularis externa
2 layers: inner circular; outer longitudinal
1/3 upper skeletal; 1/3 mid skeletal and smooth; 1/3 lower smooth
Adventitia/Serosa

F: conveys the bolus from oropharynx to stomach
Epithelium
Lamina Propria
Muscularis mucosae
Submucosa
Muscularis Externa
Mucosa
Esophageal glands
Inner circular layer
Outer longitudinal layer
Mucosa
Submucosa
Muscularis Externa
Serosa
Epithelium: simple columnar ep
Mucus layer/visible mucus; bicarbonate ion
Gastric pit/Foveola gastrica
Surface lining cells
Regenerative/stem cells
Lamina propria
Loose CT, vascular >>>
Houses gastric/fundic/oxyntic glands
Surface lining cells
Mucous neck cells
Regenerative (Stem) cells
Parietal (Oxyntic) cells
Chief (Zymogenic) Cells
DNES Cells/APUD/Enteroendocrine/Argentaffin Cells
Muscularis mucosae
3 layers: inner circular; outer longitudinal; outermost circular
(occasionally)


SUBMUCOSA
Dense, irregular CT
Richly vascularized n lymphoid tissue
Submucosal plexus
MUSCULARIS EXTERNA
Innermost oblique layer, middle circular
layer, outer longitudinal muscle layer
Auerbachs myenteric plexus
SEROSA
Thin, loose CT covered by simple
squamous ep
Cardiac
Gastric pit depth is shallower
Highly coiled glands
Cell population: mostly surface-
lining cell, some mucous neck
cells, a few DNES and Parietal
cell, but no chief cells
Pylorus
Gastric pit deeper
Highly convoluted and tend to
branch
Same as cardiac; but mostly
mucous neck cells


REGION CELL TYPES
ISTHMUS Surface-lining cells and few DNES
cells
NECK Mucous neck cells, Stem cells,
parietal cells, and few DNES cells
BASE Chief cells, occasional parietal
cells, and few DNES cells

Produced thick mucus layer
Apical cell
Glycocalyx-covered, short, stubby
microvili
Secretory granules
Lateral cell
Zonula occludens n adherens
Basally nucleus
Columnar, resemble surface-lining cells
Produce soluble mucus and lysozyme
to lubricate gastric contents
Predominat in pyloric
In the base of pits but more numerous
in the neck
Columnar
Have little heterochromatin and
display large nucleolus

Large, round to pyramid-
shaped
Mainly in upper half of
fundic glands
Produce HCl and gastric
intrinsic factor
Eosinophilic cytoplasm
Invaginations apical
plasmalemma to form
intracellular canaliculi
Tubulovesicular system

Columnar with basophilic
cytoplasm, basally located
nuclei, apical secretory
granules (pepsinogen)
Rich RER, Golgi apparatus,
but a few lysosomes
Microvilli
Secretion of pepsinogen is
induced by both neural and
hormonal, triggered by
secretin binding to the
receptor (in basal cell)

Releases secretory granules
to lamina propria
Paracrine
Endocrine
Neurocrine
13 different secretory
granules types
2 types
Closed type
Open type
Microvili monitor luminal
contents



Modifications of the Luminal Surface
Transverse
folds of
submucosa
and mucosa
that form
semicircular
to helical
elevations
Plicae
circulares
(valves of
Kerckring)
Epithelially
covered,
finger-like or
oak leaf-like
protrusions
of lamina
propria
Vili
Modifications
of apical of
intestinal
epithelium
cell
membrane
Microvili
Intestinal Mucosa
Epithelium: surface absorptive cells, Goblet
Cells, DNES cells, M (microfold) cells
Lamina propria
Forms the core of villi
Tubular glands (Crypts of Lieberkuhn): +
Regenerative cells , Paneth cells
Muscularis mucosae
Inner circular layer; outer longitudinal layer
Inner layer enter the villus and extend through
its core
Submucosa
Dense, irregular fibroelastic CT; rich in lymph
and vascular
Muscularis Externa
Inner circular, outer longitudinal smooth muscle
Serosa
Duodenum
Brunners (duodenal) glands in submucosa
Jejunum
Plicae circulares (Valves of Kerckring)
Ileum
Peyers patch
Jejunum
Ileum
The most numerous
Tall cell with
basally located
nucleus, brush
border (microvili),
and cell junction
For terminal
digestion and
absorptions of
water and nutrients
Unicellular glands
Produced mucinogen
Squamous like cell above the lymphoid nodule
Important for defense mechanism
Large,
eosinophilic,
apical secretory
granules
lysozyme
Pyramid-shape
cell in bottom of
crypts Lieberkuhn
Appendix
Caecum and Colon
Rectum and Anal Canal
Mucosa
Epithelium: simple columnar
Surface absorptive cells, goblet cells, M cells
Lamina propria
Loose CT
Lymphoid nodules
Shallow crypts of Lieberkuhn
Surface absorptive, goblet , regenerative, DNES, and Paneth Cells
Submucosa, Muscularis externa, Serosa

Stellate lumen that is filled by debris
Mucosa
Epithelium: simple columnar
Lamina propria
Richly endowed crypths of Lieberkuhn
No Paneth cells; surface absorptive cells >>>>> Goblet cells >>>, DNES
>
Submucosa
Muscularis externa
2 layers: inner circular; outer longitudinal
Outer longitudinal layer is not continous but is gathered into 3
fascicles: taenia coli
Serosa
Appendices epiploicae: fat-filled pouches
Taenia Coli
Rectum resembles colon but the crypts of
Lieberkuhn are deeper and number fewer per
unit area
Mucosa
Epithelium:
simple cuboidal from rectum to pectinate line
Str squamous nonkeratinized: from pectinate line to external anal
orifice
Str squamous keratinized: epidermis at anus
Lamina propria houses anal glands (at rectoanal junction) and
circumanal glands (distal end of anal canal)
Submucosa
Fibroelastic tissue houses 2 venous plexus: internal and external
hemorrhoidal plexus
Muscularis externa
Inner circular layer becomes thickened at pectinate line to form
internal anal sphincter muscle
External anal sphicter muscle comes from pelvis

Thank you