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Data Resource
Management
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Learning Objectives
Explain the importance of
implementing data resource
management processes and
technologies in an organization.

Understand the advantages of a
database management approach
to managing the data resources of
a business.

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Explain how database management
software helps business professionals
and supports the operations and
management of a business.
Illustrate each of the following concepts:
Major types of databases
Data warehouses and data mining
Logical data elements
Fundamental database structures
Database access methods
Database development

Learning Objectives (continued)
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Section I
Managing Data Resources
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Data Resource Management
A managerial activity
Applies information systems
technology to managing data
resources to meet needs of
business stakeholders.
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Logical Data Elements

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Foundation Data Concepts
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Levels of data
Character
Single alphabetical, numeric, or other
symbol
Field
Groupings of characters
Represents an attribute of some entity
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Foundation Data Concepts (continued)
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Foundation Data Concepts (continued)
Records
Related fields of data
Collection of attributes that describe an
entity
Fixed-length or variable-length

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Files (table)
A group of related records
Classified by
Primary use
Type of data
permanence
Foundation Data Concepts (continued)
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Database
Integrated collection of logically related
data elements
Consolidates records into a common pool
of data elements
Data is independent of the application
program using them and type of storage
device
Foundation Data Concepts (continued)
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Types of Databases
Operational
Supports business processes and
operations
Also called subject-area databases,
transaction databases, and
production databases
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Types of Databases (continued)
Distributed
Replicated and distributed copies or
parts of databases on network
servers at a variety of sites.
Done to improve database
performance and security
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External
Available for a fee from commercial
sources or with or without charge on
the Internet or World Wide Web

Hypermedia
Hyperlinked pages of multimedia

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Types of Databases (continued)
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Data Warehouses and Data Mining
Data warehouse
Stores data extracted from
operational, external, or other
databases of an organization
Central source of structured data
May be subdivided into data marts
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Data Warehouses and Data Mining (continued)
Data mining
A major use of data warehouse
databases
Data is analyzed to reveal hidden
correlations, patterns, and trends

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Database Management Approach
Consolidates data records and
objects into databases that can be
accessed by many different
application programs

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Database Management Approach (continued)
Database Management System
Software interface between users and
databases
Controls creation, maintenance, and
use of the database
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Database Management Approach (continued)
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Database Interrogation
Query
Supports ad hoc requests
Tells the software how you want to
organize the data
SQL queries
Graphical (GUI) & natural queries
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Database Management Approach (continued)
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Report Generator
Turns results of query into a useable
report

Database Maintenance
Updating and correcting data
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Database Management Approach (continued)
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Application Development
Data manipulation language
Data entry screens, forms, reports, or
web pages

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Database Management Approach (continued)
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Implementing Data Resource Management
Database Administration
Develop and maintain the data
dictionary
Design and monitor performance of
databases
Enforce database use and security
standards
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Implementing Data Resource Management
(continued)
Data Planning
Corporate planning and analysis
function
Developing the overall data
architecture
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Data Administration
Standardize collection, storage, and
dissemination of data to end users
Focused on supporting business
processes and strategic business
objectives
May include developing policy and
setting standards

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Implementing Data Resource Management
(continued)
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Challenges
Technologically complex
Vast amounts of data
Vulnerability to fraud, errors, and
failures

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Implementing Data Resource Management
(continued)
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Section II
Technical Foundations of
Database Management
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Database Structures
Hierarchical
Treelike
One-to-many relationship
Used for structured, routine types of
transaction processing

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Database Structures (continued)
Network
More complex
Many-to-many relationship
More flexible but doesnt support ad
hoc requests well

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Relational
Data elements stored in simple tables
Can link data elements from various
tables
Very supportive of ad hoc requests
but slower at processing large
amounts of data than hierarchical or
network models
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Database Structures (continued)
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Multi-Dimensional
A variation of the relational model
Cubes of data and cubes within cubes
Popular for online analytical
processing (OLAP) applications

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Database Structures (continued)
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Database Structures (continued)
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Object-oriented
Key technology of multimedia web-
based applications
Good for complex, high-volume
applications
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Database Structures (continued)
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Database Structures (continued)
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Accessing Databases
Key fields (primary key)
A field unique to each record so it can
be distinguished from all other records
in a table

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Accessing Databases (continued)
Sequential access
Data is stored and accessed in a
sequence according to a key field
Good for periodic processing of a large
volume of data, but updating with new
transactions can be troublesome

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Direct access
Methods
Key transformation
Index
Indexed sequential access

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Accessing Databases (continued)
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Database Development
Data dictionary
Directory containing metadata (data
about data)
Structure
Data elements
Interrelationships
Information regarding access and use
Maintenance & security issues
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Database Development (continued)
Data Planning & Database Design
Planning & Design Process
Enterprise model
Entity relationship diagrams (ERDs)
Data modeling
Develop logical framework for the physical
design

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Discussion Questions
How should an e-business enterprise
store, access, and distribute data &
information about their internal operations
& external environment?

What roles do database management,
data administration, and data planning
play in managing data as a business
resource?
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Discussion Questions (continued)
What are the advantages of a
database management approach to
organizing, accessing, and managing
an organizations data resources?

What is the role of a database
management system in an e-
business information system?

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Discussion Questions (continued)
Databases of information about a firms
internal operations were formerly the only
databases that were considered to be
important to a business. What other
kinds of databases are important for a
business today?

What are the benefits and limitations of
the relational database model for
business applications?
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Why is the object-oriented database
model gaining acceptance for
developing applications and managing
the hypermedia databases at business
websites?

How have the Internet, intranets,
extranets, and the World Wide Web
affected the types and uses of data
resources available to business end
users?

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Discussion Questions (continued)
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References
James A. O'Brien; George M. Marakas.
Management Information Systems:
Managing Information Technology in the
Business Enterprise 6th Ed., Boston:
McGraw-Hill/ Irwin,2004

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