Welded section
Common Section of Riveted
Plate Girder
The number of flange plates can be increased depending
upon the moment to be resisted.
Elements of riveted Plate
girder
Web Plate
The depth of web plate depends on the bending moment
developed due to the external loads acting over plate girder.
The depth of web plate varies from 1/8 th to 1/12 th of the span.
The web of a plate girder is designed for shear force.
1
A' f + Aw
Rv × dw
1
p = × 8
V A' 1 + A' 2 + .........A ' n
For the compression flange
1
Af 1 + Aw
Rv ×dw
p= × 6
V A1 +A2 +.........A n
Stiffeners
There are two kinds of stiffeners:-
Bearing stiffeners
Intermediate stiffeners
Horizontal stiffeners (Longitudinal stiffeners)
Vertical stiffeners (Transverse stiffeners)
The elements provided to stiffen in the web against this are called
intermediate stiffeners.
When d/tw of the web exceed 85,the intermediate vertical stiffener
should be used.
Conti....
When d/tw is larger than 200,a longitudinal
stiffener is used on the web at a distance of d/5 from the
compression flange.
When d/tw is larger than 250,a another longitudinal
stiffener is used on the web at the neutral axis.
Intermediate Stiffeners
The Intermediate Stiffeners are used to avoid diagonal
buckling of the web.
Stiffeners may be joggled or crimped over the vertical
leg of the flange angles
Intermediate Stiffeners & its weld
connection
Intermittent or continuous fillet welds are provided to
connect the flange plate with the web plate.
The weld are design for horizontal shear
Bearing Stiffeners
The bearing stiffeners are attached with the web of the
plate girder to avoid local bending failure of the flange.
The bearing stiffener are provided under concentrated
loads and at the points of supports.
The bearing stiffener are not joggled or crimped. They
are provided straight, the back of the connected leg of
the stiffener angle will be at some distance from the
face of the web.
Web Splice
Moment Splice & Shear
Splice
The number of splice plates required will be six. Four plates
(two on each side of the web) are placed over the flange angles
These are designed to resist the web moment and are called
moment plates.
Two plates (one on each side of the web ) are placed
on the web in between moment plates to resist shear and
are called shear plates.
Data of Riveted plate
girder
Span of girder = 30 m
Equivalent live load for B.M per track = 2727 kN (as per IRS)
Equivalent live load for S.F per track = 2997 kN ( as per IRS)
No. of plate = 3
Diameter of Rivet = 22 mm
Mid Section of the riveted plate girder
Check of the Stresses
Bending stress in compression flange
Vertical stiffener
Angle section = ISA 90 x 90 x 8 mm
Diameter of Rivet = 22 mm
Conti....
Splice
Splice on web plate = 2300 x 250 x 4 mm
Pitch = 60 mm
Diameter of Reverts = 22 mm
Pitch = 60 mm
Bracing
Top lateral Bracing
Angle section = 2 ISA 80 x 80 x 8 mm
Load Carrying Capacity = 251.42 < 576.31 kN
Bottom lateral Bracing
Angle section = 2 ISA 50 x 50 x 6 mm
Load Carrying Capacity = 62.85 < 65.89 kN
End strut
Load Carrying Capacity = 251.42 < 493.28 kN
Angle section = ISA 80 x 80 x 8 mm
Diagonal member
Angle section = 2 ISA 80 x 80 x 12 mm
Load Carrying Capacity = 350.23 < 420.32 kN
Equivalent live load for B.M per track = 2727 (as per IRS) kN
Equivalent live load for S.F per track = 2997 ( as per IRS) kN
= 700 x 25 mm
Vertical stiffener
Diagonal member
End Strut
Bending Stress
80.00
60.00
100.00
(Tension)
40.00
50.00
20.00
0.00 0.00
250 208 179 250 208 179
D/tw D/tw
Effect of bending stress for depth -2500 mm
Bending Stress
Bending Stress
(Compression)
150.00 150.00
(Tension)
100.00 100.00
50.00 50.00
0.00 0.00
220 183 157 220 183 157
Bending Stress
150.00 150.00
(Tension)
100.00 100.00
50.00 50.00
0.00
200 167 143 0.00
200 167 143
Plate 1 49.40 53.30 57.30 Plate 1 58.40 63.20 68.30
Plate 2 74.64 78.21 87.88 Plate 2 85.61 97.48 110.87
Plate 3 86.96 95.54 97.76 Plate 3 98.30 108.60 111.70
D/tw D/tw
Effect of bending stress for depth - 2000 mm
Bending Stress
(Compression)
100 150
Bending Stress
80
(Tension)
60 100
40
50
20
0 0
313 275 250 313 275 250
Plate 1 52.41 46.68 45.59 Plate 1 62.58 55.02 53.47
Plate 2 72.96 71.93 74.94 Plate 2 84.43 89.42 87.82
Plate 3 83.57 88.81 87.12 Plate 3 95.19 100.44 98.13
D/tw D/tw
Effect of bending stress due to depth Variation and Web thickness 8 mm
Variation of Deflection in riveted
plate girder
36 43
42
Deflection
Deflection
35.5 41
40
35
39
38
34.5
37
34 36
250 208 179 220 183 157
Effect of deflection for depth - 2500 mm Effect of deflection For depth - 2200 mm
50
49
40
Deflection
48
Deflection
47
30
46
45 20
44 10
43
0
42 313 275 250
200 167 143
Quantity
38500
38500
38000
38000
37500
37000 37500
36500 37000
250 208 179 220 183 157
38500
39500
38000
39000
Quantity
Quantity
37500
38500
37000
38000
36500
37500
37000
36000
200 167 143 313 275 250
50.00 60.00
Shear Stress
Shear Stress
50.00
40.00
40.00
30.00
30.00
20.00 20.00
10.00 10.00
0.00
0.00 220 183 157
250 208 179
Series1 54.44 45.37 38.89
Series1 47.15 39.93 34.42
D/tw
D/tw
Effect of shear stress For depth - 2500 mm Effect of shear stress For depth –2200 mm
80 80
Shear Stress
Shear Stress
60 60
40 40
20 20
0
200 167 143 0
313 275 250
Series1 59.89 49.91 42.78
Series1 59.89 68.06 74.86
D/tw
D/tw
Effect of shear stress for depth - 2000 mm Effect of shear stress due to Variation in depth
and Web thickness 8 mm
Variation of bending stress in
Welded plate girder due to span =
30 m
150 155
Bending stress
Bending stress
148
146 150
144
142 145
140
138 140
200.0 166.7 142.9 220.0 183.3 157.1
Bending 149.45 146.45 142.82 Bending 153.31 148.98 144.89
stress stress
D/tw D/tw
Effect of bending stress For 2000 mm Effect of bending stress For depth - 2200 mm
135 150
Bending stress
Bending stress
130 140
125 130
120 120
250.0 208.3 178.6 150.0 166.7 183.3
D/tw D/tw
Effect of bending stress For depth Effect of bending stress due to depth variation
- 2500 mm and Web thickness12 mm
Variation of shear stress in
Welded plate girder
80 60
Shear stress
Shear stress
60
40
40
20
20
0 0
200.0 166.7 142.9 220.0 183.3 157.1
Shear 59.89 49.91 42.78 Shear 54.44 45.37 38.89
stress stress
D/tw D/tw
Effect of shear stress For depth - 2000 mm Effect of shear stress For depth -2200 mm
60 100
Shear stress
Shear stress
80
40
60
40
20
20
0 0
250.0 208.3 178.6 150.0 166.7 183.3
D/tw D/tw
Effect of shear stress For depth - 2500 mm Effect of shear stress due to in depth variation
and Web thickness12 mm
Variation on deflection in Welded
plate girder
57 54
56 53
Deflaction
Deflaction
52
55
51
54
50
53 49
52 48
200.0 166.7 142.9 220.0 183.3 157.1
D/tw D/tw
Effect of deflection For depth - 2000 Effect of deflection For depth -2200 mm
41 80
40
Deflaction
Deflaction
60
39
40
38
37 20
36 0
250.0 208.3 178.6 150.0 166.7 183.3
Quantity 40.27 39.00 37.81
Quantity 60.69 48.75 44.97
D/tw
D/tw
Effect of deflection For depth - 2500 mm Effect of deflection due to depth variation
and Web thickness12 mm
Variation of Quantity in
Welded plate girder
36000 36000
35000
35000
34000
Quantity
34000
Quantity
33000
33000
32000
32000 31000
31000 30000
30000 29000
200.0 166.7 142.9 220.0 183.3 157.1
D/tw D/tw
Effect of Quantity For depth - 2000 mm Effect of Quantity For depth -2200 mm
42000 34600
40000 34400
Quantity
Quantity
38000 34200
36000 34000
34000 33800
32000 33600
250.0 208.3 178.6 150.0 166.7 183.3
D/tw D/tw
Effect of Quantity For depth - 2500 mm Effect of Quantity due to depth variation and
Web thickness 12 mm
RAILWAY TRUSS BRIDGE
What is a Truss
A structure composed of members connected together to
form a rigid framework.
Usually composed of interconnected triangles.
Members carry load in tension or compression.
Trusses are very strong for their weight
Component of a truss
bridge
The truss bridge has two main load-carrying
trusses
Each truss composed of a top chord, a bottom
chord, and several verticals and diagonals
members
The two trusses are connected together by a
series of transverse members: struts, and lateral
bracing
Component of Truss
Standard Truss
Configurations
Pinned Connection
Conti…
Members are joined by one or two heavy gusset
plates, which are attached to individual
members with rivets, bolts, or welds.
Gusset Plate
Connection
6m
L0 L1 L2 L3 L4 L5 L6
6 panels @5 m c /c = 30 m
Forces on the member
Member Design force Load carrying capacity
Compression Tension
Top chord U1U2 1501.89 kN - 4027.92 kN > 1501.89 kN
Joints L1 Joints L2
Details of Truss girder
Conclusion
The variation in depth of plate girder section
violating the empirical formulae of economical
depth for section results into safe section in
terms of bending and shear stresses as well as in
deflection.
Welded plate girder is economical as compared to
riveted plate girder.
In Truss girder Railway Bridge decreasing the
height of the truss and panel length is more
economical as compare to more height of truss
and panel length of the girder.
FUTURE SCOPE OF WORK
Programming in other software languages
Design and parametric study of Welded
truss bridge
Larger span than 30 m can be studied for
all types of bridges
Comparison of Different types of trusses
REFERENCE
K.Baskar and N.E.shanmugam,”Steel concrete composite plate girder subject to
combined shear and bending”,ASCE,JUNE 2002,PP 531-537
Cynthia J.Zahn,”Plate Girder Design using LRFD”, AISC,2003,PP11-20
N. E.shanmugam and K. Baskar,” Steel concrete composite plate girder subject
to shear loading”,ASCE,SEPTEMBER 2003,PP 1230-1242
Nobuaki Sakurai and kouichi Nakam”Study on connection of crossbeams in
Rationalized Plate girder bridge", JANUARY 2003,PP 75-79
Lyle P. Carden, and Ian G. buckle, "Displacement Based Analysis of steel girder
with Ductile End cross frames", Science Direct, July 2003 PP 45 -56
V.B.sood Project report on use Special steel for girder brides on Indian railways.
Shri A.Goyal Seismic design consideration for Railway Bridges
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