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The document discusses the tensions between Haiti and the Dominican Republic and how geography relates to these tensions. It provides background on the history and geography of both countries, including Haiti gaining independence from France and the Dominican Republic from Spanish rule. Tensions arose from the Haitian occupation of the Dominican Republic in the 1820s, as well as from cultural and economic differences. More recently, a Dominican court ruling denied citizenship to many Haitian descendants, worsening tensions, though leaders of both countries have met to try to reduce tensions. Geography plays a role as both countries compete for resources and cultural influence on the island of Hispaniola.
The document discusses the tensions between Haiti and the Dominican Republic and how geography relates to these tensions. It provides background on the history and geography of both countries, including Haiti gaining independence from France and the Dominican Republic from Spanish rule. Tensions arose from the Haitian occupation of the Dominican Republic in the 1820s, as well as from cultural and economic differences. More recently, a Dominican court ruling denied citizenship to many Haitian descendants, worsening tensions, though leaders of both countries have met to try to reduce tensions. Geography plays a role as both countries compete for resources and cultural influence on the island of Hispaniola.
The document discusses the tensions between Haiti and the Dominican Republic and how geography relates to these tensions. It provides background on the history and geography of both countries, including Haiti gaining independence from France and the Dominican Republic from Spanish rule. Tensions arose from the Haitian occupation of the Dominican Republic in the 1820s, as well as from cultural and economic differences. More recently, a Dominican court ruling denied citizenship to many Haitian descendants, worsening tensions, though leaders of both countries have met to try to reduce tensions. Geography plays a role as both countries compete for resources and cultural influence on the island of Hispaniola.
By Timothy An Introduction of Haiti *According to the CIA.gov website, Haitis geography consists of being: tropical; semiarid where mountains in east cut off trade winds
*Its Population is 10,413,211 (as of 2012)
*Its Major Languages: French and Haitian Creole
*Its Capital City: Port-au-Prince
*Its Government has the President Michel Martelly It is also the third largest country in the Caribbean in terms of land size and population. Haiti is a member of CARICOM (or the Caribbean Community) and the Latin Union. A Summary of Haitian History *Haiti was originally inhabited by Native Americans like the Arawak migrants and the Taino.
*Christopher Columbus traveled into La Navidad during the late 1400s.
*The Spanish Empire ruled much of Haiti and then left. This left the French Empire to control Haiti. Black slaves in Haiti were exploited by the French as a means to develop the sugar trade. Saint-Domingue was the name of the French colony in the island of Hispaniola.
Haitian History Continued Haitian Revolution (1791-1804):
*It happened in 2 phrases. One was headed by former slave Toussaint Louverture. He was captured by the French and died in prison. The second one involved the Haitians defeating Napoleon forces. Jean-Jacques Dessalines defeated the French at the Battle of Vertieres in November of 1803. The independence of Haiti was declared in January 1, 1804. Haiti being a new nation was a great thing.
*There has been the factions of leaders of black African descent like Henri Christophe in Haiti and other leaders like Alexandre Petion (who was a biracial person). Even to this day, many biracial Haitians have more political power than black Haitians.
Some 19 th century History:
*Haiti since then have experienced embargoes from America and the French forced Haiti to pay money to them (after French King Charles Xs invasion of Haiti) in the realm of 90 million francs. Toussaint Louverture Haitian History Continued *America occupied Haiti from 1915 to 1934 to maintain its interests.
*Many Haitian dictators ruled like Dr. Francios Duvalier (or Papa Doc) and Jean-Claude Duvalier (Francoiss son or Baby Doc).
*Papa Doc used the Tontons Macoutes or the Bogeymen to terrorize political opponents and the people of Haiti.
*From the 1980s to the present, there has been a rapid succession of leaders like Leslie Manigat, former Catholic priest Jean-Bertrand Aristide, Reve Preval, and Michel Martelly. The current Haitian President Michel Martelly and President Barack Obama An Introduction of the Dominican Republic *According to the CIA.gov website, the Dominican Republics geography is rugged highlands and mountains with fertile valleys interspersed
*Its Population is 9,445,281 (as of the 2010 Census)
*Its Major Languages: Spanish and Dominican Spanish
*Its Capital City: Santo Domingo
*Its Government has President Danilo Medina. The Dominican Republic has the second largest economy in the Caribbean. It is a hugely popular tourist nation. A Summary of the history of the Dominican Republic *Arawak speaking Tainos came into Hispaniola by ca. 650 A.D.
*Christopher Columbus & the Spaniards arrive by 1492. Bartholomew Columbus (Christophers brother) built Santo Domingo. The location of Santo Domingo is Western Europes first permanent settlement in the Caribbean.
*Spanish and French Empires ruled the Dominican Republic for centuries.
*The Haitian Occupation (started by Jean Pierre Boyer) occurred from 1822 to February 27, 1844. It was brutal and harsh against the Dominican people.
More Dominican Republic History *Juan Pablo Duerto and his La Trinitaria Secret Society helped to end the Haitian Occupation as a means to establish Dominican Republics Independence by 1844.
*The Dominican Republic was totally free from Spanish rule by 1865 with the leadership of General Gregorio Luperion.
*Soon, there would the U.S. occupation of the Dominican Republic.
*In the 20 th century to the present there would be a mix of dictators and more progressive leaders controlling the Dominican Republic like: Trujillo, John Bosch, Joaquin Beleaguer, Antonio Guzman Fernandez, Hipolito Mejia, Leonel Fernandez, and Danilo Medina.
*Today in 2014, President Danilo Medina today wants more emphasis on developing social programs and education than infrastructure. The origins of the Tensions Between Haiti and the Dominican Republic *The tensions started in the modern era with the Haitian occupation of the Dominican Republic (from 1822 to February 27, 1844). The occupation was brutal with Haitian forces utilizing land confiscation, forcing religious places to be closed, and forcing heavy taxation upon people. Rafael Trujillo was an evil, racist man.
*Dominican Republic dictator Rafael Trujillo promoted racist anti-Haitian propaganda and he ordered the Parsley Massacre of October 1937 (where thousands of Haitians were murdered in the borderlands of Haiti).
*Societal and cultural differences among both nations grew tensions as well.
The dictator Rafael Trujillo Henry Louis Gates Research from his Black in Latin America documentary Henry Louis Gates found interesting facts about the tensions between Haiti and the Dominican Republic:
*Haiti focuses heavily on black African culture, while many Dominicans reject any mention of black African heritage that is found in the Dominican Republic. Many Haitian workers (by no fault of their own) in the Dominican Republic have been scapegoated for economic issues. This has increased tensions too.
*Tensions from both nations come from many historical events like the Haitian occupation of the Dominican Republic, trade embargos, and the Dominican Republic dictator Rafael Trujillos massacre of Haitians. Even today, huge racism is found in the Dominican Republic.
*Both nations have a lively, creative, and excellent amount of music, culture, and cuisine. Haiti possesses one of the greatest cultures in all of the New World Henry Louis Gates Per capita GDP Comparison among both Countries How Do These Tensions among both nations Relate to Geography? These tensions are related to geography, because the tensions are interrelated to the following geographic principals:
*Demographics in populations: Haiti prides itself in respecting black African culture. The Dominican Republic is more ethnically diverse than Haiti. Both nations have different interpretations of race and culture, which increases tensions among two countries.
*Land and Resources: The Dominican Republic receives more Western assistance in developing its cities, ports, rural areas, and other infrastructure than Haiti. Competition for resources has grown tensions.
*Cultural Diffusion: Haiti and the Dominican Republic compete with each other for being Hispaniola's most prominent culture, music, and cuisine in the region (their cultures spread globally). The 2010 Haitian Earthquake *It was the most severe Earthquake in Haiti in over 200 years. Its magnitude was 7.0
*Between 100,000 and 316,000 human beings died and about 1.6 million people were homeless.
*Charity came from all over the world to help Haiti even ironically from the Dominican Republic. President Michel Martelly was elected soon after the Earthquake in April 4, 2011.
*It heavily damaged the infrastructure of Haiti.
Funding for the Haitian Earthquake relief The Controversial Dominican Republic Immigration Law The ruling came about in September 2013 by the Dominican Republic's Constitutional Court. The ruling according to writer Marcia Garcia: that citizenship could be granted only to those born to one Dominican parent since 1929... That means that even if you were born in Haiti after 1929, but dont have one Dominican parent, you can be stripped of your citizenship. This is different from total birthright citizenship.
*Dissenters of the Ruling: They view the ruling as unfairly depriving the citizenship rights of Haitians who were already born in the Dominican Republic. Many Haitians and some Dominicans have protested the decision in America.
*Supporters of the Ruling: They believe that it maintain previous immigration policy and that the Dominican Republic has the right to govern their own immigration policies. For the record, I dont agree with the Dominican Court ruling at all. The ruling is discriminatory, unjust, and reactionary point blank period. The dignity of black Haitian peoples ought to be respected. Final Words *There have been efforts to decrease tensions between both nations.
*There was the December 2013 meeting in Venezuela (as reported by the Associated Press writers Trenton Daniel and Ezequiel Lpez Blanco). In that meeting both Haitian President Michel Martelly and Dominican President Danilo Medina agreed to try to end tensions surrounding the court decision and other differences.
*The Associated Press writers also wrote that officials from Haiti and the Dominican have meet in January of 2014 as a means to decrease tensions too. God Bless Haiti.
Hopefully, both nations can end their tensions and live more peacefully in one island.