MUSCULAR TISSUE

Prabhat singh
宋 天 保
Ⅰ. Introduction
1. Composition: muscle cells (muscle fibers) +
connective tissue.
2. Muscle fibers: elongated, containing
myofilaments and being contractile. cell
membrane → sarcolemma, cytoplasm →
sarcoplasm.
3. Connective tissue: supporting, bring in blood
vessels, lymphatics and nerves.
4. Classification: 3 types: skeletal, cardiac, and
smooth muscle.
Ⅱ. Skeletal Muscle
A. LM structure of Muscle fibers
1. Long, cylindrical cells
2. Multinucleated, with nuclei lying beneath
sarcolemma
3. Having
alternating dark
and light bands
(cross striations)
4. Myofibrils
• Long, cylindrical in
parallel
• A band, I band, Z
line, H band, M line
• Sarcomere: 1/2 I +
A + 1/2 I , shortest
contractile unit of
skeletal muscle.
B. Ultrastructure

Myofibril
Sarcoplasmic
reticulum

Mitochondrium

Transverse
tubule
1. Myofibrils
mad up of thick and thin filaments
a. Thick filaments
• 1.5μm long and
10nm in diameter
• Occupying A band
• Made up of myosin
molecules: rods
overlap; globular
heads direct toward
either of the ends
forming cross
bridges and have
ATPase activity.
b. Thin filaments
• 1μm long and 5 nm in
diameter;
• One end is inserted
into the Z line, the other
is free and extends into
the A band;
• Composed of actin,
tropomyosin and
troponin(TnI, TnT, TnC).
c. Arrangement
• I band -- only thin
filaments
• A band -- both thick
and thin filaments
• H band -- only thick
filaments
• Z line -- anchor for
thin filaments
• M line – fixation of
thick filaments
2. Transverse (T)
tubules
• Formed by
sarcolemma
invagination at A-I
junctions;
• Form an
anastomosing tubules
encircling every
myofibril;
• Responsible for
rapid conduction of
impulses.
3. Sarcoplasmic
reticulum (L tubule)
• Network of smooth
endoplasmic
reticulum
• Encircling each
myofibril between 2
adjacent T tubules.
• Ends dilated and
fused to form terminal
cisternae
• T tubule + 2 terminal
cisternae = a triad.
• Storing Ca2+,
regulating
concentration of Ca2+
within sarcoplasm.
C. Muscles: made up of
skeletal muscle fibers
surrounded by CT.
Ep
1. Epimysium -- dense F
CT, surrounds entire
muscle.
2. Perimysium -- fibrous
sheath, surrounds muscle
bundles. Pe Ed
3. Endomysium --
delicate loose CT,
surrounds each muscle
fibers.
III. Cardiac Muscle
Pu
A. General features
1. Found only in heart;
2. Has more
connective tissue and
capillaries;
3. Some specialized
as Purkinje fibers.
B. LM structure
1. Short column in shape and branched;
2. show cross striations and fibrils, but less
distinct;
3. One centrally placed nucleus;
4. intercalated discs link cells to one another.
C. EM structure
1. larger T tubules at
Z line level;
2. Simple
sarcoplasmic
reticulum, small
terminal cisternae;
3. Diads are common
consisting of T tubule
and terminal cisternae
on one side;
4. more sarcoplasm with more mitochondria
and glycogen particles;
5. Intercalated
discs
• Specialized cell
junctions at Z
lines;
•Longitudinal
portion has gap
junction providing
synchronous
contraction;
• Transverse portion has desmosomes and
fascia adherens to enhance intercellular
junction.
Ⅳ. Smooth Muscle
1. Seen in blood
vessels and hollow
viscera, arranged in
layers;
2. Spindle in
shape, with an oval,
centrally located
nucleus;
3. Without striations, but contains thin and thick
filaments;

4. Adjacent
cells are
linked by gap
junctions.
Ⅴ. Mechanism of contraction -- sliding
filament hypothesis
1. I band and sarcomere
become shorter, H band
shortens or disappears,
and A band remains
constant in length.
2. Thin filaments slide
over thick filaments
and insert further into the
A band.
3. Ca2+ and ATP play
an important role.
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