respiration
Duan-dongxiao
Metabolism
Need oxygen and nutriment
Discharge the carbon dioxide and
the end product of metabolism
Composition of the respiratory system
O2 obtain oxygen
CO2 remove carbon dioxide
Respiratory function
Respiratory processes
Blood
atmosphere lung tissue
circulation
O2 O2 O2
CO2 CO2 CO2
1. Pulmonary Ventilation
2. Gas exchange In lung
3. Gas transport
4. Gas exchange In tissue
Section one
Pulmonary Ventilation
Pulmonary ventilation
is the gas exchange
process between lungs
and environment .
environment
inspiration exspiration
organs to complete pulmonary ventilation
1 . Respiratory passageway:communicates
alveoli and environment, warms the air,gets
the air wet, filters the air,cleans the air and
completes the defense reflex.
2 . Alveolus: place for exchange
3 . Thorax: power of pulmonary ventilation
Mechanics of Pulmonary Ventilation
Two factors:
One is the power to push gas flowing.
The other is resistance to prevent gas flowing.
The former must overcome the latter , and then
pulmonary ventilation can be completed.
power of pulmonary ventilation
1. respiratory movement
2. intrapulmonary pressure
3. intrapleural pressure
1. respiratory movement
Thoracic expansion and contraction
caused by respiratory muscles are
called respiratory movement.
(inspiration, expiration)
Muscles of inspiration :
diaphragm and external
intercostal muscles
Muscles of expiration :
internal intercostal muscles
and abdominal muscles
Muscles of assistant inspiration :
scalenus muscles ,
sternocleidomastoid muscles.
( 1 ) Process
1 ) Eupnea a. Inspiration:
inspiration muscles contract
thoraxes expand
lungs expand
lung volumes increase
intrapulmonary pressure
decreases temporarily
gas enters lungs
b. Expiration:
diaphragm relax and internal
intercostal muscles contract
thorax recoils
lung recoils
gas is removed.
2 ) labored inspiration
3 ) labored expiration
( 2 ) patterns
Form of the movement
a. Abdominal breathing
Thoracic breathing
1mmHg=0.133Kpa
1cmH2O=0.098Kpa
changes in lung volumes,alveolar pressure,and
transpulmonary pressure during normal breathing
negative
3. Intrapleural pressure
pleuralvisceral
cavity
pleura
parietal
intrapleural
pleura
pressure
As the thoracic
wall moves
outward during
inspiration, the
volume of the
pleural cavity
increases slightly,
decreasing
intrapleural
pressure (more
Expiration
Significance :
Keep the lungs inflated
Facilitate venous return
(respiratory pump)
If pleura breaks,
pleural cavity will be
open to atmosphere
and air will enter
pleural cavity . This
is called
pneumothorax. At
this time , two layers
of pleura separate
and lungs contract
for the elastic recoil.
dyspnea
Power of Pulmonary Ventilation
(Summary)
Expansion and contraction of respiration muscles
(△ V )
change of lung volume
( CL ) =
L/cmH2O
lungs compliance ( △P)
change of transpulmonary pressure
Surfactant
1. Comformation of Pulmonary Surfactant
Dipamitoyl
phosphatidyl choline,
(DPPC) is a complex of
lipid-protein secreted by
type II cells of alveoli,
lining in inside of
alveoli.
Their primary function is the secretion of a chemical known as
surfactant , Crawling on and about both the type I and type II cells
P=2T/r P is the collapsing pressure
T is the surface tension
r is the radius of the alveolus.
2. physiological effect of pulmonary surfactant
and pull the lung inward. As the lung moves away from
the thoracic wall, the cavity becomes slightly larger. The
negative pressure this creates acts like a suction to keep
the lungs inflated.
– Surface tension of aveolar fluid tends to pull each of the
alveoli inward and therefore pulls the entire lung inward
How?
These force are opposed by the
third factor:
– The elasticity of the thoracic wall.
The elastic thoracic wall tends to pull away
from the lung, further enlarging the pleural
cavity and creating this negative pressure.
The surface tension of pleural fluid resists
the actual separation of the lung and thoracic
wall.
How?
As the lung and the thoracic wall move very slightly
away from each other, there occurs an infinitesimal
enlargement of the fluid-filled intrapleural space
between them. Since fluid cannot expand the way
air can, this tiny enlargement of the
intrapleural space drops the intrapleural
pressure below atmospheric pressure.
Thus the elastic recoil of the lungs and chest wall
creates the subatmospheric intrapleural pressure
that keeps them from moving apart more than a
tiny amount.
Assays of intrapleural pressure
2. indirect assay
Factors Affecting Airway
Resistance
Several factors change airway resistance by
affecting the diameter of the airways. They do
this by contracting or relaxing the smooth muscle
in the airway walls, especially the bronchioles.
– Parasympathetic neurons release the Ach which
constricts bronchioles.
– Histamine, released during allergic reactions,
constricts bronchioles.
– Adrenalin, released by the adrenal medulla during
exercise or stress, dilates bronchioles, thereby
decreasing airway resistance.
Effects of Surface Tension in a
Sphere
Surface tension pulls inward, creates pressure, depends on radius