PRESENTED BY:

KAREN MARIE M. CABANTE

JONAMAE D. PACTORES
DIRECT CURRENT
Direct Current (DC) is the
constant flow of Electric Charge
from high to low Potential. In the
history of electrical science,
Conventional Current was
defined as a flow of Positive
Charge.
DC is commonly found in many
low-voltage applications,
especially where these are
powered by Battery. Most
electronic circuits require a DC
power supply.
Electrons move from areas where there are
excess of negative charges to areas where
there are a deficiency (or positive charge).
Electrons move from "-" to "+", but
conventional current is considered to move in
the other direction. When you set up a circuit,
conventional current is considered to move
from the "+" to the "-" side.

The idea about using positive charges in
forming explanations comes from Benjamin
Franklin.
ALTERNATING CURRRENT
AC is short for alternating current.
This means that the direction of
current flowing in a circuit is
constantly being reversed back
and forth. This is done with any
type of AC current/voltage source.

AC is created by generators in
power plants, and other sources.
This AC current is delivered to our
homes and businesses by the
power lines we see everywhere.

The distance along the time axis spanned by a positive and
negative a-c loop is called one cycled of time. Modern a-c
systems in the United States operates 60 cycles per second or
60 hertz. This means that the current is delivered to the
consumer. In a-c instead of resistance the corresponding
parameter in an a-c circuit is impedance, which is also
measured in ohms. Thus for the a-c circuit , the equivalent to
Ohms Law is


where Z, is the symbol normally used for
impedance
ELECTRIC POWER GENERATION
D-C GENERATOR - In a d.c generator there is a coil
that rotates between the poles of a magnet but
unlike the a.c generator the two ends of the coil are
connected to a split ring - a half circle of metal that
is in contact with the stationary brushes. As the coil
rotates the side of it that is cutting downwards
through the field (marked X on the diagram) is
always in contact with brush 1. That means that
brush 1 is always positive. In the same way the side
of the coil that is going up is in contact with brush 2.
The device that ensures that the two brushes always
have the same polarity is called a COMMUTATOR.

In commercial generators the performance of
both types (ac and dc) is improved by having:

(a) a radial magnetic field produced by
electromagnets with multiple coils and
(b) a large number of coils on the rotor

A-C GENERATOR other term is
ALTERNATOR is a device that
produces electrical energy
from mechanical energy
usually by rotating a coil in a
magnetic field.

The output voltage of a
generator can be increased by
rotating it faster, increasing the
number of turns on the coil or
using stronger magnets
The faster the coil rotates the
faster will it cut the magnetic
field and the bigger will be the
output voltage.
POWER AND ENERGY
ENERGY - is the technical term for the more common
expression-work. In terms of power, it is the product
of power and time, that is
energy or work = power x time

POWER- is the rate at which energy is used, or
alternatively thru rate at which work is done. Since
energy and work are synonymous.
POWER IN ELECTRIC CIRCUITS
The unit of electric power is the watt(W). A larger unit of 1000 watts is the
kilowatt(kw). The power input in watts to any electrical device having a
resistance R in which the current is I is given by the equation.

Wattage w= I
2
R or W= I(IR)
This is true for both a-c and d-c circuits. However, since the resistance of an
item is generally not known, but the circuit voltage and current are
known. It would be preferable to calculate Power in the equation.

By Ohms Law V= IR
and since W = I (IR)
W = I (V)

R = Ohms; W= WATTS; I= amperes ; V=volt
Sample
problem
ENERGY IN ELECTRIC CIRCUITS
Since the power is the rate of energy use, it follows that energy = power x
time. Therefore the amount of energy used in directly proportional to the
power of the system and to length of time. It is in operation. Since power
is expressed in either watts or kilowatts, and time in hours (second and
minutes are too small for use) , we have for units of energy used for one
hour.


ELECTRIC LOAD CONTROL
a method of load control for efficient utilization of available energy to
produce a high load factor. This results in a lowering of demand charge,(
levying of charge for power (kw) in addition to the normal energy (kwh)
charge. This demand charge is primarily useful in encouraging users to
reduce to their peak loads.

Sample
problem
Level 1 Load scheduling and duty-
cycle control

The installations electric load are analyzed
and then scheduled to restrict demand.
Thus large loads can be shifted to off-peak
hours and controlled to avoid coincidence
operation. Control can be entirely manual
or automated by use of a DUTY-CYCLE
CONTROLLER. It controls the on and off
time of a DC voltage powered device,
resulting in lower power usage, lower
consumption of consumable resources, and,
in the case of a device with a pump, lower
average ow rate.



END
Problem 1: Incandescent lamp = 66 ohms resistance
115 V supply

Solution:
d-c W = VI = 115(1.74) = 200 watts power
a-c multiply x pf (power factor)
Problem 2: calculate the current and power in two branches of the circuit
and the total circuit current assume a 120 v a-c source.
Solutions:
a.) power = VI
P= 150+150 = 300 W
300 W = 120 x l
I= 300/120= amperes
R= V/I = 120/2.5=48 ohms

b.) second branch is 10 amp. 0.8 pf load
Power= V x amp x pf
= 120 x 10 x .8 = 960 W
But the circuit volt-ampere
Is 120 x 10 = 1.200 Va
back
Problem 2: Find the daily energy consumption of the appliances list below if
they are used daily for the month of time shown.
TOASTER 1.34 KW X 1/4 HR. 0.335 KWH
PERCOLATOR 0.5 KW X 2 HR. 1.00 KWH
FRYER 1.56 KW X 1/2 HR. 0.78 KWH
IRON 1.40 KW X 1/4 HR. 0.70 KWH
TOTAL 2.815 KWH
a. If the average cost of energy is per kilowatt-hour , find the daily operating cost
( assume 1 kwh = P 5.54)
2.815 kwh x P 5.54/ 1 kwh = P 15.59

b. If considering an average power demand of a household is 1.2 kw, calculate the
monthly electric bill of such a household , assuming the rate of per kilowatt-hour
= P5.54

monthly energy consumption
= 1.2 kw x .24hr./day x 30 days/ month = 864 kwh

electric power bill
= 864 kwh x P 5.54/ 1 kwh = P 4786.56
back